Noun compounds that denotes the resemblance instead of  posssessing.

Some noun compounds denotes the resemblance between the head [determinant] and the determinated. We call those type of  noun compounds as " Compounds of resemblance" [Benzerlik bildiren Tamlamalar, İzafet-i Teşbihiyye ]

Such as ;

Sigara böreği ----> Cigarette Pastry.

This compound in a possesive form, however it does NOT denotes the possesiveness.

It denotes the resemblance , resemblance of börek. The shape of pastry is in a cigarette shape. So, because it is in that shape, it is called ´cigarette pastry´.

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Parmak üzümü  ----> Finger grape

Again, this type of grape resembles to finger by its shape. [long]

That´s why it is called finger grapes. There is no  possesiveness here whereas there is a resemblance [type of grape that is in finger shape lenghtwise]

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some other examples ;

ekmek ayvası

deve  dikeni

deve  kuşu

kalkan  balığı

tayyare böceği

kol  böreği

keten helvası

tespih böceği

-Acak  Oldu

This construction  is used in daily language when the action in the past was intended to happen but it somehow didn´t happen.

Verb stem + Acak oldu + Personal suffix

Gel          + ecek  oldu   +  m 

Dün dışarı çıkacak oldum [ki] yağmur [yağmaya] başladı.

Yesterday I intended to go out but it started to rain.

[I intented to go out but because of rain it didn´t happen. In other words, I didn´t go out because of rain]

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Sabah hastaneye gidecek oldum [ki] arabam bozuldu.

In the morning, I intended to go to the hospital but my car broke down.

[ I intended to go to the hospital this morning but I couldn´t because my car broke down.]

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-dIydI 

This form is very rarely used in daily language [verbal language] which is very close to -mIştI form.

Verb stem + dI + y + dı + Personal suffix

Yap         + tı   + y + dı    +   m

Bu sabah kahvaltı yaptıydım.

I had had my breakfast this morning.

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Geçen yaz İngilizce kursuna gittiydi.

He/She had gone to English course last summer.

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Dün ona telefon ettiydik.

We had phoned him yesterday.

The suffix -Anak [ enek]

This suffix comes onto some verbs and alter them into nouns.

gel +  enek ---> gelenek ---> tradition

gör + enek  ---> görenek  ----> custom

seç + enek ----> seçenek -----> option

yet + enek ----> yetenek ------> talent, skill

ol  + anak -----> olanak  --------> resource, opportunity

öde + enek -----> ödenek --------> allowance, fund

After reading this, I looked at the Istanbul forecast (İstanbul´dayım) and saw

sağanaklar (heavy showers)

was there any connection with sağmak?

Absolutely Henry. It is derived from the Mongolian Verb "şagi" [ to rain heavily]

I was trying to understand the difference between gelecektim and gelecek oldum. It must be that gelecektim has a wider (more grammatical) meaning according to the context. It is the usual verb form in the apodosis following an if clause for instance...

-Ar  Oldu

This is another form that  is rarely used. It is used when to express the habit that we didn´t have before but we just gained and we still have it.

Verb Stem + Ir [ir,er,ar,ur,ür] + oldu + Personal suffix

gör           +     ür            +        oldu     +      m

görür  oldum

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Geceleri  kabuslar görür  oldum.

I started to see nightmares  in the nights.

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Gün geçtikçe buraya alışır oldum.

As time passes, I started to getting used to here.

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Sabahları erken uyanır oldu.

He/She  started to waking up early in the mornings.

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Bu sıralar seni çok özler oldum.

I started to missing you alot nowadays.

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Subordinate clauses that comes after Main clause verb.

Sometimes subordinate clauses comes after a group of main verb [ Korkmak, Ummak, Zannetmek, Sanmak, Tahmin etmek]

After the main verb , "ki" can come.

Korkarım  [ki]  ona haksızlık ettik.

Main Clause Verb   [ki]  Subordinate clause

[ I am afraid [that] we were unfair to him/her]

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Umarım [ki] yanlış bir karar vermedik.

I hope [that] we did not make a wrong decision.

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Sanırım  [Sanıyorum] [ki] Türkiye´ye ilk defa geliyorsunuz.

I think [that] it´s first time that you are coming to Turkey.

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Tahmin ederim [ki] yarın hava güzel olacak.

I guess [that] the weather is going to be nice tomorrow.

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Note that ;

* The main clause verb must in either Aorist  or  Present Continuous tense.

   [ Umarım - Umuyorum ] , [ Sanırım - Sanıyorum], [Zannederim-Zannediyorum]

* This form requires Subject to be "first singular person" 

    Korkarım, Sanırım, Umarım, Zannederim, Tahmin ederim

These ki constructions sound very beautiful to my ear because they break the usual array of words and change the rhythm of speech.

May be it is because it is easier construction for learners who know English , as it is close to the English way.

I guess that..

I hope that...

I think that...

I suppose that..

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"gelecektim" reports a planned (perhaps pre-scheduled) action that ended up in a non-event.

"gelecek oldum" reports an intention to act on the spur of the moment, which ended up in a non-event.

Good explanation.

Subordinate clauses that is in qualificative  [descriptive] form.

This form of caluses are built to qualify two perceptional verbs [ Görmek and Bulmak ]

Ben Onu üzülmüş [üzüldü] gördüm.

Subject  + Subordinate clause that qualifying the main clause+ Main Verb

I saw him upset. or  I found him upset. [literally ; I saw him that he got upset]

How did I saw him ? I saw him upset.

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O beni pazarda elma satıyor görmüş.

He saw me selling apples in the market.

Here, the clause emphasizes the qualification  "[HOW]

How did he see me ? He saw me selling apples in the market.

[In what state I was in when he saw me ? ]

WHEREAS ;

O beni , [ben] pazarda elma satarken görmüş.

He saw me while I was selling the apples in the market.

Here, the clause emphasises more like the time of the action "his seeing me" [WHEN]

When did he saw me ? He saw me while [when] I was selling apples in the market.

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Bu sabah köpeğimi kapıda uyuyor [uyur] buldum.

This morning I found my dog sleeping at the door.

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Thanks, AlphaF, you sound like a book of modal logics (this is a compliment).

Different Functions of the word " Hiç"

1. Comparasion Function

   a. Preference in comparasion

      Hiç değilse Ayşe ödevlerini yapıyor. Diğerleri gibi değil.

      At least Ayşe is doing her homeworks. Unlike others.

      Here, Ayşe is being compared with others.

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       Hiç yoktan iyidir.

       Better than nothing.

       Here, Something we have that we think we haven´t got enough of it. But we still prefer having it than having nothing.

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    b. Requesting in comparasion

        Hiç değilse annene bir mektup yaz.

        At least , write a letter to your mother.

        Here, the speaker is requesting the other person to write a letter to his mother. The speaker thinks it is better for him sending a letter than doing nothing.

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       Hiç olmazsa kahvaltı yap.

       Have breakfast at least.

Here, the speaker is requesting the other person to have breakfast. The speaker thinks it is better for him having breakfast than having nothing.

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   c. Certainty in comparison

       Hastalık değil, fakirlik hiç değil , asıl sensizlik bana koyar.

       What really devastates me is not having illnesses or certainly not being poor but being without you.  

       Here, the speaker is comparing illnesses and being poor with being without his loved one. And he thinks the most devastating thing for him is ´being without his loved one´.

        And he is putting them in order,

        not having ilnesses

        and certainly not having pains

        but being without his loved one.

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2. Rejection

Hiç de bile - Hiç de değil

 a. Bana karşı hala duyguların var.

 b. Hayır. Hiç de bile.

 a. You still have feelings for me.

 b. No. Not at all.

Here person b declining [rejecting, disagreeing] what a says.

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   a. Onu özlüyorsun sanırım.

   b.  Hayır. Hiç de değil.

   a. You are missing him.

   b. No. Not at all.

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3. ´ Ever ´

     Türkiye´de yaşadın mı hiç ?

    
     Have you ever lived in Turkey ?

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     Aşık oldun mu  hiç ?

     Have you ever fall in love ?

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4.  "Never "

     Oraya hiç gitmedim.

     I never went there.

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     Dün gece  hiç uyumadım.

     I never had sleep last night.

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5.   Makes Negative statement into Pozitive .

     In some cases, it turns the negative form into pozitive.

     a. Düğüne geliyor musun ?

     b. Hiç gelmez miyim ?

     a. Are you coming to the wedding

     b. Would I not come ? [  How can I not come ? !]
          Of course I am coming !

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6. Carelessness

      a. Ne yapıyorsun şimdi ?

       b. Hiç !

      a. What are you doing now ?

      b. Just nothing !

     Here, person b is answering carelessly to the question of person a.

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7. Causelessness

     From nothing, out of nothing.

     Hiç yoktan birbirinizi üzdünüz.

     You upset eachother out of nothing.

     Here, nothing caused you to upset eachother. You both upset eachother out of nothing. Out of unimportant, small thing.

ELLIPTICAL  SENTENCES [ UNCOMPLETED SENTENCES]

These type of sentences are incomplete sentences which are lacking predicate. Elliptical sentences are grammatically incomplete but can be easily understood from the context of the sentence. The ellipsis mark is three dots (...) to indicate that the rest of the words have been omitted or left out.

" Küçük bir masa ve onun yanında gri  eski bir koltuk... Onun tam karşısında çok hoş bir resim... "

" [ There is ] a small table  and [ there is] an old gray armchair next to it ... And right opposite to it there is a lovely painting... "

Here, the verb [ to be] is left out, because of the logic of the entire sentence it is easy to guess what the missing word could be.

" In the sentence "var" [there is] or "vardı" [ there was]   is the missing part.

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* The noun sentence that lacks copulative verb marking "dIr" is counted as elliptical sentence too.

Ankara modern bir kent.[tir] ---> Ankara is a modern city.

If there is no "dir" we can continue the sentence such as ;

Ankara modern bir kent olmalı. ----> Ankara must be a modern city.

Ankara modern bir kent kent gibi duruyor. ----> Ankara looks like a modern city.

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*  When the predicate of the first sentence is not mentioned in the multiple sentence form that are joined with comma, the first sentence is counted as elliptical sentence.

Pazarları önce yemek, ardından sohbet edilir.

On Sundays, the meal [is eaten ] first after that [people] having a talk.

In the first sentence above, before the comma, we can put the verb "yenilir" [to be eaten] to complete it , therefore the first sentence is incomplete [elliptical].

So, missing part is "yenilir"

Pazarları önce yemek yenilir, ardından sohbet edilir.

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* Most of the time in our daily speech, we use elliptic sentences. For instance , in a dialog like this ;

A. Seni kim aradı ? 

B.  Teyzem.     [ Elliptical sentence ] -->  we understand it as " Teyzem aradı "

A.  Saat kaçta ?

B.  Üç buçukta.  [ Elliptical sentence ] ---> we understand it as  "Üç buçukta aradı."

I am not sure if this is widespread usage but I personally further drop the case suffixes as well.

For example I would say in the above example:

A.  Saat kaçta ?

B.  Üç buçuk

- Nereye gidiyorsun?

- İzmir (instead of İzmir´e)

- Kimi gördün?

- Elif (instead of Elif´i)

-Nerelisin?

-İzmir (instead of İzmir´li)

- Şu an neredesin?

- Okulun kütüphanesi (instead of okulun kütüphanesinde)

Some adverbs that are formed out of nouns by taking "A"

When some words especially [some] time expressions take the suffix  "a", they are altered into adverbs and refers the coming [forthcoming] [morning, afternoon, night, week,month, year, summer, winter ].

Sabaha görüşmek üzere......>  See you in the morning [in the coming morning].

Haftaya Fatma´nın düğünü var.....>  Fatma has wedding next week. [the coming week]

Seneye seni görmek istiyorum  ---> I want to see you next year. [The coming year]

It can be used to refer "for" [için]

Akşama hazır ol. ---> Get ready for the evening. [for tonight]

Sabaha bir şey yapmamı istiyor musun ? ---> Do you want me to do anything for the morning ?

It can be used with other words [adjectives and nouns] as well ;

Bu kitabı bedavaya aldım. ---> I got this book for free.

Bu kitabı beleşe aldım  ----> [Slang] I got this book for free.

Haybeye geçti zaman ---- Time passed doing nothing. [ Time wasted]

Hayrına bu işi yap.  ---- Do this job for the sake of goodness.

                                 Do this job not expecting a reward in return.

Subject with -dAn case morpheme.

Subjects [ agent] can take -dan case morpheme, and it makes " part of something", "one of something"

1. Pasta kaldı mı ?  ---> Any cake left  ? 

2. Pastadan  kaldı mı ? ---> Some [any] of cake left ?

                                      Anything from the cake left ?

                                      Part of cake left ?

In the first sentence, the subject [pasta] is a whole individual cake , but in the second sentence the subject [pastadan] means more like any piece from the cake. There is a missing word which is "birazı" [some of ] ---> pastadan birazı  ----> some of cake

Pastadan is subject of the sentence. So , subject with -dan case can be called as elliptical subject.

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With countable words ;

Şu kalemden  var mı ? --->  1. Is there any of this book ?  Or ;

                                          2. Is there a book like this ?

1. is there any of this book  ?  Do you have one of this pen among other pens.

2. Is there a book like this. ? Do you have any book like this one.

So, the subject took -dan morpheme  " kalemden "

Funny that there is singular here.

*pastadan birazı makes no sense to me. It is wrong with grammar. It can only be ;

" pastadan biraz " If we will say that there is a missing word then it can only be biraz but it does not mean the same anyway.

When you say "pastadan kaldı mı?" 

It means "Is there any cake left?" It does not really necessarıly mean "a little". The speaker want to learn if there is left any and I am almost sure this person would be happier with more than a little cake already.

*About "kalemden"

It does not have to be singular. It can be plural as well and means the same thing.

*-acak oldum ????

I heard this expression maybe one or two times in my lifetime. There really is no need to learn while there is a more common one. 

We say for example; 

Tam gidiyordum/gidecektim annem aradı. As I was just going, my mother called me.

Why to make it more complex? 

Of course it is nice to recognize when you see but as a Turkish I even pushed my memory hard to remember if I really heard it. 

Yes, You are right. It should be "pastanın birazı". I must have mistyped that. But  By saying  *´ pastanın birazı´   I wanted to clarify the missing part which is dropped when the subject takes -dan morpheme.

pastanın birazı is belirtili isim tamlaması --> definite noun compound

So, there is an imaginary noun compound which is dropped from the sentence.

By saying Pastadan , we mostly understand it as "pastanın birazı [some of the cake] or pastanın bir kısmı [ part of the cake] " , anything from the cake"

Well , I don´t know you but I heard that form *-acak oldum alot. And , I mentioning these type of forms in case learners come across them in daily life, and then they will able to work it out what they mean.

Thanks for your critiques, Blogger.