-Çalmaşı    Çalışmak çok  zor. - Working is very hard.

This is an example where a verb is turned into a noun by adding -me/ma correct?

 By adding me/ma it is turned into verbal noun - çalışma, and then adding personal possesive -sı, makes it - his/her working.

 For example there is a lazy person and you are making comment by saying "Çalışması çok zor." It´s a slight chance for him/her to work, or literaly his or her working is very difficult.

-Allah analı babalı büyütsun.

No idea whatsoever of the meaning 

It is a saying when there is newborn baby as a blessing, means "May God make the baby grow with his mother and his father."

I dont quite understand the word ordering in the following two sentences-shouldnt -mi/mı always be at the end of a question?

-Hiç uyumaz mı bu kadın?

-şimdi mi kalktın?

Put –mI  just after the word which you are asking of.

Sen  Ankara’da bir okulda öğrenci misin ?

Regular order, in which –mi  is in the end.

Sen Ankara’da bir okulda mı öğrencisin ?

Are you a student in the school in Ankara ?

It asks a confirmation if the person is a student in THE SCHOOL in Ankara.

Ankara’da bir okulda sen mi öğrencisin ?

It asks a confirmation if THE PERSON [YOU] is a student in the school in Ankara.

Sen öğrenci misin Ankara’da ?

It asks a confirmation if the person is A STUDENT in the school in Ankara.

What do these words mean?

-Değişken (from değil?) from değişmek

-özlemişim (from özlemek?) yes

-İzin vermedi ki. O kahveye çıkınca, ben de hemen buraya geldim.

He did not give me permission ( whats ki?) . (ınca indicates future?) Whene he goes out to the cafe, I came here immediately.

About this you can check here

http://www.turkishclass.com/forumTitle_58890

It also emphasize the sentence. It doesn´t indicate future. It is still in past tense.

 Thank you Lana!