In Turkish, it is an odd situation that two vowels come together in a word. Turks have not got used to use two vowels one after another: aa, ee, ei, aı etc. We use the combining letters to make the pronunciation easier. For us, the pronunciation becomes easier when a consonant is brought between two vowels.
We use four letters to tie two vowels: N, S, Ş, Y. We refer to these letters "kaynaştırma harfleri" in Turkish.
*positional endings: the suffixes of the accusative, dative, locative, genitive and ablative cases.
S
Two things is needed to use "s" as combining letter. 1) A noun that ends with a vowel. 2) The possessive suffix of the 3rd singular and plural.
________________________________________________________________ Annesi benim ilkokul öğretmenim. (His mother is my teacher of primary school.)
ilkokul : primary school öğretmen : teacher
annesi :
It is a noun that ends with a vowel: e. If "s" wasn´t be brought, the word would be "annei" and this would be so strange for a Turk. ________________________________________________________________
Arkadaşımın dedesi geçen yıl öldü. (My friend´s grandfather passed away last year.)
arkadaş : friend dede : grandfather geçen : last yıl : year ölmek : to die, to pass away
dedesi :
It is a noun that ends with a vowel: e. If "s" wasn´t be brought, the word would be "dedei" and this would be so strange for a Turk.
_______________________________________________________________
Almancası da iyi, bu yüzden sizinle onun gelmesi daha yararlı olur. (He can also speak German well, therefore it is more useful that he comes with you. (purely: His German is good as well,...))
Almanca : German language iyi : good bu yüzden : therefore gelmek : to come yararlı : useful
Almancası : The last letter is a vowel: A. If we don´t bring "s", it becomes "Almancaı" and this is too strange for our ears. _________________________________________________________________
Japonya´daki tsunaminin videosunu izledik, gerçekten felâketmiş. (We have watched the video of the tsunami that was in Japan, it´s really catastrophe.)
yıl : year tsunami : tsunami video : video izlemek : 1to watch, 2to follow gerçekten : really (purely: from the truth) felâket : 1misfortune, 2catastrophe
videosu :
The last letter is a vowel: O. If you directly write "videou", it´s too unmeaningful and strange for Turk to hear. _________________________________________________________________
Elindeki nergisin kokusunu çok sevdim. (I liked the smell of the daffodil that in your hand very much.)
el : hand nergis : daffodil koku : smell sevmek : 1to love, 2to like
kokusu :
The last letter is a vowel : U. As possessive suffix, if you bring just U, it would be "kokuu" and that is too unmeaningful and strange to hear. ___________________________________________________________________
Şu an içeride halk müziği korosunun konseri var. (Now there is a concert of the folk music chorus inside.)
şu an / şu anda : at the moment, now içeri : inside halk : people, folk müzik : music koro : chorus var : there is/are.
korosu:
THe last letter is a vowel: O. If you bring the possessive U lonely, the word would take a shape "korou" and this is unacceptable. _____________________________________________________________________
Köşelerdeki otları kesince bahçenin görüntüsü daha güzel oldu. (When we have cut the plants in the corners, the view of the garden became more beautiful.)
köşe : corner ot : plant kesmek : to cut bahçe : garden görüntü : sight, view güzel : beautiful, nice olmak : 1to be, 2.............4to become,..............9....
görüntüsü:
The last letter is Ü. If you bring the possessive Ü directly, the word would be "görüntüü" and this is unacceptable. ______________________________________________________________________
EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION:
ne (what) ne + i (possessive) --------------------------> nesi (what of him), as alternative : neyi neyi and nesi are exactly same about the possessional meaning.
su (water) su + u (possessive) --------------------------> suyu (its water) susu can never be used. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________
Ş
This letter is just used for the numbers when we use them as distributive adjectives: per, each.
If you want to make a number a distributive adjective, you add "-er" to it.
her : every
bir + er --------------------------------> birer (one per head) Birer bira içtik. (We drank beer per head. / Each of us drank one glass/bottle/etc. of beer.)
bira : beer içmek : to drink
iki + er ---------------------------------> ikişer (two per head) Masalarda ikişer kişilik yer var. (There are vacancies for per two people in the tables.)
masa : table kişi : person yer : 1floor, 2earth, 3vacancy, 4the ideal time
"İkier" can´t be used, this is extremely unmeaningful. "Ş" must added between İ and E to make the word "iki (2)" a distributive number.
Projeye her liseden yirmi altışar öğrenci katılacak. (Twenty six students from per high school shall join the project.)
proje : project lise : high school öğrenci : student katılmak : to join
altı. The last letter is a vowel : I. One must pronounce "Ş" before "-ar", otherwise one can´t make this number any distributive adjective.
N
1) N is usually connected with the positional endings: accusative case, dative case, ablative case, other ones etc. note: About these cases, I will tell in another lessons. I shan´t go into details about these cases in this lesson.
Let´s imagine a word that it has got taken the possessive suffix of 3rd singular or plural. For example: kol (arm), kol+u(possessive)----->kolu (his/her/its arm)
Kolunu kapıya çarptı. (He bumped his arm on the door.)
kol : arm kapı : door çarpmak : 1to bump, to hit, 2to multiply, 3to steal
kol+u(possessive)+u(accusative) Because there has been a possessive suffix of the 3rd singular, N must be pronounced between two vowels; because the second suffix is a positional ending as well.
Geçen yıl arabasını sattı ve şimdi de motorunu satmayı düşünüyor. (Last year he sold his car and he is thinking about selling his motorbike now.)
önceki yıl, geçen yıl : last year araba : car satmak : to sell ve : and şimdi : now motor, motorsiklet : motorbike düşünmek : to think
araba + ı (possessive)+ ı (accusative)
"S" resulted from the fact that "araba" is a noun that ends with a vowel and "I" is a possessive suffix. N resulted from the fact that a positional ending was brought after the suffix I which is possessive.
motor + u (possessive) + u (accusative)
N resulted from the fact that a positional ending was brought after the suffix U which is possessive.
Öğrencilerin yarısının düşük notlar alması okul müdür olarak beni endişlendiriyor. (It is getting the wind up me as a school director, that half of the students got low points.)
yarı* : half düşük : low not : 1note, 2mark (as a result of an exam) almak : 1to take, 2to buy, 3to receive, 4to get endişelendirmek : to put/get the wind up
yarı + ı (possessive) + ın (genitive)
S hinges on the fact that the noun that ends with a vowel has taken the possessive suffix of 3rd persoın. I is the possessive of the 3rd person and a positional ending has come after it. N must be pronounced.
*the difference of "yarım" and "yarı" yarım means a half quantity of the "one" thing. and it is used as an adjective. yarım ekmek (half a bread) yarım saat (half an hour) yarım bardak su (half a glass of water) yarım bırakmak (not to complete (purely: to leave half)) yarım limon (half a lemon) yarım gün (half a day) yarım kilometre (half an kilometre)
yarı means a half quantity of the many things. öğrencilerin yarısı (half of the students) kitapların yarısı (half of the books) yarımız (half of us) (yarı + mız) yarı Türk yarı Fransız (half Turk and half French) yarı Alman yarı Rus (half German and half Russian) ormanın yarısı (half of the forest) caddenin yarısı (half of the street)
Ofisinden bazen hiç çıkmazdı, sürekli çalışırdı. (He sometimes never used to go out his office and he used to work continuously.)
ofis : office bazen : sometimes hiç : never çıkmak : 1to go out, 2to ascend, ........5to flirt, 6to be understood, 7..... sürekli : continuously
ofis + i (possessive) + den (ablative)
N must be pronounced between İ and DEN because İ is the possessive suffix ofthe 3rd person and DEN is a positional ending.
Evine gitti. (He went his home.) (purely: He went to his home.)
ev : house, home gitmek : to go
ev + i (possessive) + e (dative)
İçinde bir şey var mı? (Is there anything inside it?) (purely: ... in its interior)
iç + i (possessive) + de (locative) -------> içinde (
N must be pronounced between İ and E because İ is the possessive suffix of the 3rd person and E is a positional ending.
EXCEPTIONAL SITUATIONS: bu (this) o (that) şu (this/that) [nearer than "o", further than "this" ; or about what are going to be explained; or about something that is near, usually well nigh synonym of "bu".]
bu + da (locative) ------------> bunda (in/on/at this) bu + u (accusative) -----------> bunu (this (acc.)) o + u (accusative) ------------> onu (1that (acc.), 2him/her/it (acc.)) o + un (genitive)---------------> onun (of it/him/her/that | his, her, its, of that) etc.
Onu bana verir misin? (Can you give me this?) Onun rengi ne? (What is its colour?) Bunun anlamını bilmiyorum. (I don´t know, what does this mean. (purely: I don´t know the meaning of this.)) (bu + un(genitive)) Bundan hiç bahsetmedi. (He has never talked about this.) Ona çok güzel bir hediye alacağım. (I shall buy a very nice gift for him.) (purely: ...to him)
I shall tell about Y in the next lesson by explaining the positional endings. |