I was wondering how one would describe their occupation in Turkish. I vaguely remember reading something about putting the company with which one works in the ablative. If this is correct, than one would say:

I am a Harvard History Professor.

as

Harvard'dan Tarih Profesörüyüm.

or

I am a Microsoft Computer Programmer.

as

Microsoft'tan Bilgisayar Programcısıyım.

Is this correct, or am I completely wrong? Also, would you capitalize the words of the job title or not? Any help, including any pointers on mistakes I have made, would be greatly appreciated.

Harvard'da tarih profesörüyüm.
Microsoft'ta bilgisayar programcısıyım.

You were very close. You have to put the -de suffix which means (in/at).
And about the capitalization, I'm not sure. Sometimes they capitalize, sometimes they don't. But which one is the correct, I don't know.

It certainly makes more sense to put the company in the locative state than it does to us the ablative state!