Could anyone please tell me where to get a form for a turkish resident to apply for a turkish passport? How much does it cost and how long does it take to be processed?

Many thanks in advance
XX

The process of getting a passport could be finished within one work day.
You have to go to the Police Headquarters of your town (İlçe Emniyet Müdürlüğü) with the documents requested.
You can apply online for the passport as well, but you have to go to the Police Headquarters with the documents within 15 days of your online application.
All the other information is here (the costs, the requested documents etc.)
http://www.iem.gov.tr/iem/?m=2&s=17

I understand that the words you need to remember are:

"merhabalar memur bey"