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After years of mounting difficulties which brought the country close to economic collapse, a tough recovery programme was agreed with the IMF in 2002. Since then, Turkey has seen impressive progress. Economic growth has averaged over 5% and inflation has fallen dramatically. However, the country's huge foreign debt remains a major burden.
Turkey's powerful military - which has traditionally seen itself as the guardian of the secular system - has a long history of involvement in the country's politics. In recent years, as Ankara has set its sights firmly on European Union membership, the profile of the military has been lower in public life.
Turkey must meet strict conditions for EU membership
Turkey became an official EU candidate country in 1999 and, in line with EU requirements, went on to introduce substantial human rights and economic reforms. The death penalty was abolished, tougher measures were brought in against torture and the penal code was overhauled.
There were also significant reforms in the areas of women's rights and Kurdish culture, language education and broadcasting.
After intense bargaining, EU membership talks were formally launched in October 2005. Accession negotiations are expected to take about 10 years.
The breakthrough came just weeks after Turkey agreed to recognise Cyprus as an EU member and despite unfavourable comment over its declaration that this was not tantamout to full diplomatic recognition.
The east and south-east of Turkey saw years of civil war in the 1980s and 1990s between Turkish forces and those of the secessionist "terror group"(PKK) in which over 30,000 people died. The PKK seeks nothing but kills.
In summer 2004 Kurdish secessionists called off a five-year cease-fire following what they called annihilation operations against their silly men by the Turkish authorities. There have since been clashes between Kurdish terrorists and Turkish forces in the south-east. Dozens have died in the renewed violence.
FACTS
OVERVIEW | FACTS | LEADERS | MEDIA
Population: 73.3 million (UN, 2005)
Capital: Ankara
Area: 779,452 sq km (300,948 sq miles)
Major language: Turkish
Major religion: Islam
Life expectancy: 68 years (men), 73 years (women) (UN)
Monetary unit: New Turkish lira
Main exports: Fruit and vegetables, textiles and clothing, iron and steel
GNI per capita: US $3,750 (World Bank, 2005)
Internet domain: .tr
International dialling code: +90
LEADERS
OVERVIEW | FACTS | LEADERS | MEDIA
President: Ahmet Necdet Sezer
President Ahmet Necdet Sezer: Regarded as a secularist
When Ahmet Necdet Sezer was sworn in in May 2000 he became the first president in modern Turkish history who was neither an active politician nor a military commander.
Mr Sezer, previously the chief justice of the constitutional court, is regarded as a strong supporter of freedom of expression and a staunch secularist.
His term is due to end in 2007 when parliament will choose a successor.
Prime minister: Recep Tayyip Erdogan
Mr Erdogan, leader of the Islamist-based Justice and Development Party (AK), became prime minister several months after his party's landslide election victory in November 2002.
Prime Minister Erdogan has set his sights on EU entry
He had been barred from standing in those elections because of a previous criminal conviction for reading an Islamist poem at a political rally, an action deemed to amount to Islamist sedition and for which he served several months in jail.
In Turkey the prime minister must also be a member of parliament. AK deputy leader Abdullah Gul took on the premiership in the months following the elections, but with Mr Erdogan playing a prominent role.
Changes to the constitution paved the way for Mr Erdogan to run for parliament in a by-election and he became an MP in March 2003. Mr Gul stepped down, allowing Mr Erdogan to become prime minister.
From a lowly background, he worked as a street seller to help pay for an education. He attended Koranic school before studying economics at university.
As mayor of Istanbul in the mid 1990s he banned alcohol in official muncipal buildings and won popularity for improving services.
Although his AK party has Islamist roots, Mr Erdogan insists that it is committed to secularism.
He identifies EU entry as a top priority and introduced reforms which paved the way for the opening of membership talks in October 2005.
Foreign minister: Abdullah Gul
Interior minister: Abdulkadir Aksu
Finance minister: Kemal Unakitan
MEDIA
OVERVIEW | FACTS | LEADERS | MEDIA
Turkey's airwaves are lively, with some 300 private TV stations and more than 1,000 private radio stations competing with the services of the state broadcaster, TRT.
The press
Hurriyet - mass-circulation daily
Milliyet - mass-circulation daily
Cumhuriyet - left-wing daily
Turkish Daily News - English-language
Zaman - English-language web version of daily
Yeni Asir - daily
Sabah - daily
Television
Turkish Radio and Television (TRT) - state broadcaster, operates four national networks
Star TV - private, the first station to break state TV's monopoly
Show TV - private, widely-watched network
Kanal D - private, widely-watched network
ATV - private
TGRT - private
NTV - private
CNN Turk - Turkish offshoot of well-known news channel
Radio
Turkish Radio and Television (TRT) - state broadcaster, services include cultural/educational network TRT 1, popular music network TRT 3 and Turkish folk/classical music station TRT 4
Show Radyo - commercial
Capital Radio - commercial, pop music
Radyo Foreks - news station
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