I was reading an introduction to Turkish grammatical structure from 1992 and was surprised to find there (after the usual 6 + instrumental) the eighth case called equative. The writer, Jorma Atilla, described it as an ambiguous case which can express things like ´according to/on behalf of/by´ and which is marked with -ce (plus its all vowel harmony variants, of course). The following examples were given:
Mahkemece verilen karar sizi de bağlar. (agent of a passive clause, which I thougt was always expressed by a postposition structure)
Gençler arkadaşça davranıyorlardı.
Parçaları aylarca beklemek zorunda kaldık.
It´s no big deal. The border line between word derivation and inflection is not a clear one in any language and some endings may just carry characteristics from them both. But it still made me think of the various things in Turkish which are expressed by -ce. I don´t know if the following are from the same origin - probably not - but the outward similarity is confusing to a learner:
1. -ce makes adverbs from adjectives (iyice ´well´, güzelce ´properly, beautifully´ and nouns (çocukça ´childishly´. It makes an agent in passive voice. It´s used in numerical expressions (haftalarca önce ´weeks before´ and names of languages derived from names of people (İngilizce) plus in other adverbial expressions like bence and böylece.
2. -ce is a diminutive marker, as it modifies adjectives: güzelce ´quite good´, genççe ´rather young´
3. -ce seems to be a usual last-two-letters in verb inflection, too. The -ince-gerund of a verb describes an action just prior to the main verb: o gelince kalkarım ´when he comes I shall get up´. Added to a dik-participle -ce denotes ´so long as, the more´: o güldükçe, ben de güldüm. And I´m sure that´s not all of it.
I guess what is described in 1. is close to what the writer ment with Turkish equative.
And finally the question. What is the question? Ok, the question is Isn´t this confusing?
Yes it is, even for native speakers. See for example: