the order in which words are place can change the meaning of the sentence

ben kalemi adamdan aldım

I got the pen from the man

ben adamdan kalemi aldım

it is the pen that I got from the man

kalemi ben aldim adamdan

it is I who got the pen from the man

aldım kalemi ben adamdan

I did get the pen from the man

is there any set rule  to help me to understand this better with  because looking at all sentences if I tried to translate word for word I would have correct words and wrong meaning.

aldım kalemi ben adamdan

I did get the pen from the man  ---> this is an inverted sentence as the predicate [aldım] is moved into the begining of the sentence whereas in the previous sentences the predicate is in its usual place [in the end].

It wouldnt be totaly correct if we say the meanings are changing by moving the word order. Since the action "almak" doesnt change.  Instead it is better to say that putting " the stress [emphasis] " on words by placing the words just before the predicate.

ben kalemi adamdan aldım  ---> SOV  =  Subject Object Verb

I got the pen from the man --> This is a proper sentence in normal word order.

ben adamdan kalemi aldım

it is the pen that I got from the man --> "the pen" is stressed.

kalemi adamdan ben aldim.  ---> "ben" is stressed

it is I who got the pen from the man

aldım kalemi ben adamdan

I did get the pen from the man  ---> this is an inverted sentence as the predicate [aldım] is moved into the begining of the sentence whereas in the previous sentences the predicate is in its usual place [in the end].

Thank you for the excellent explanation. Now I can see more errors in my attempts to translate poetry. The meaning can change so much by  not looking at the SOV placement.

I am   SOL  without my SOV  guide beside me everytime I read something. I can imagine it would even be harder to grasp this in conversation.

köpek Tunciyi ısırdı ---> normal sentence with stressed on "Tunci"

köpek ısırdı Tunciyi --> inverted sentence

Tunciyi ısırdı köpek ---> inverted sentence

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dont forget the accusative marking dear Acute.

and I hope that example of yours wont come true .. I mean me being bitten by a dog.