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1 - d (opened overnight?) 
   Correct ! 
      It was opened in the night.  
    Gece açıldı.  Time adverb. 
  
2 - d (it went in the morning?) 
 Correct !  He/She/It went in the morning. [ Sabah gitti] 
 Time adverb 
  
3 - a (my cat) 
Correct !  
4 - don´t know - any link on vowel dropping? 
 a) Şehrin suyu 24 saat kesik kaldı. 
b) Sabrın bir sonu vardır. 
c)Komutanın emrini yerine getirdi. 
d) Onun fikirlerine saygı duyarım. 
Above, underlined words have vowel dropping whereas the last sentence has not. 
  
5 - don´t know 
d) Gönderen --->Gn  should be --->  Gön 
  
  
  
 
  
Actually , Here there  is a " middle syllable vowel dropping" 
  
It is " Orta Hece Ünlüsü Düşümü " middle syllable vowel dropping.  Whether you call it as an exception or a fonetic development, does not change the fact that  there is " vowel dropping"  happening with some words or .  It is not seen only with possessives, it can be seen with other suffixes. For instance , take one of those word: 
 İzin  + e  ---> izne   [ to day [s] off  from work ] Yakında izne çıkacağım  ---> I will have days off from work soon. [ in other words, I will have get holiday from work] 
 Middle syllable dropping, because, when it takes a suffix, it becomes the middle syllable. 
 izin 
 İ + zi + ne    ----> izne 
 ================================= 
 ömür  ö + mü + re  ---> ömre 
 Seninle bir dakika ömre bedel ! ---> Being with you one minute , worth a life ! 
 * However, when the suffix starts with a consonant, then the vowel dropping don´t occur. 
 Ömür + den  ---> Ömürden  Ömür  + de ---> Ömürde Ömür + süz   ---> Ömürsüz Ömür + lü ---> Ömürlü Ömür + se  ---> Ömürse 		
		
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