1-
"çevremizi temiz tutmamız gerektiğini tembih eden büyüklerimizi anlamış değildim"
I something our something who promote that we should keep our environment clean ?
It was not that I did not understand (i.e. I understood) those elders of ours who had warned us to keep our environments clean.
2-
"çevrelerine dargın iki insan gibiydiler"
They were like two people who were offended by their surrounding / the people surrounding them ?
Yes.
3-
"kağıt yığınları yüzünden çocuk dikkatsizliğinden olsa gerek taksinin geldiğini fark edememişti"
It must be because of the paper piles that the kid couldn´t tell that a cab was coming ?
Yes. If you could add ´through an oversight´ there somewhere it would still be closer.
4- "gelişi güzel kaldırımlara doldurulan hurda kartonlar, az daha bir çocuğun ölümüne sebep olacaktı"
What´s the meaning of that one ?
The metallic plates which had been stuffed slapdash around the pavements could easily cause another child´s death.
5- "duymamış olacaklardı" and this one.
They would not have heard a thing.
6- "kış kendini iyice hissettiriyordu"
I can tell this is an expression, but what´s the meaning of it?
The winter made its presence felt.
7 - "neyi varmış?"
Is this another way of saying "Ne var" ?
What was wrong with him/her?
8 - "daha geçen kış aldık"
Does this mean, the winter before the last one ?
We just bought it/some last winter.
9- "düşüncelerimi dile getirdim"
What does that verb mean ?
I put my thoughts into words.
My Try.
