Hello, welcome. In this chapter, I´m going to talk you about the "negative" and "question" forms for -miş structure. Let´s start with negative form:

As you remember, for verbs, our negativeness suffix was "-me, -ma". Same is valid here, as well. Let´s see it with a simple formula:

Verb root + -me/-ma + -miş/-mış

You know how negativeness suffix meet the rules of Vowel Harmony; as we only take "-me and -ma", we only need "miş and mış" because of Vowel Harmony.

If -me, then -miş.

If -ma, then -mış.

Let´s do:

Oku + ma + mış

Yap + ma + mış

Gör + me + miş

Duy + ma + mış

As you it is very easy. And now question form:

Formula is: Verb stem + -miş/-mış/-muş/-müş + mi?/mı?/mu?/mü?

Remember that question suffixes are always written apart!

Görmüş mü? : Had he seen?

Duymuş mu? : Had she heard?

Anlamış mı? : Had he understood?

We can conjugate this structure for personal pronouns:

Duymuş + um : I had heard (Apperantly, I heard)

Duymuş + sun : You had heard (Apperantly, you heard)

Duymuş: He, she, it

Duymuş + uz : We

Duymuş + sunuz : You (plural)

Duymuşlar : They.

Let´s do it for gitmek verb:

(Ben) Gitmişim

(Sen) Gitmişsin

(O) Gitmiş

(Biz) Gitmişiz

(Siz) Gitmişsiniz

(Onlar) Gitmiş(ler)

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