Case Endings : C.E. Ismin Halleri:

In Turkish nouns, (pronouns, verbal nouns) take 5 kinds of Case Ending Suffixes. Case Endings can be attached directly to a noun-base or to a noun that already has a possessive suffix. Case Endings are used depending on the meaning of the sentence as well as on the nature of the verb in  the sentence.

"Noun" (Nominative or Absolute), "Yalın", Isim

okul : school ,      bahçe : garden ,      ev : house,     masa:  table

1. Locative Case : -D2 : at, on, in

evde, bahçede, okulda : at home, in the garden, at school

Istanbul´ da:   In Istanbul.

Ali evde. : Ali is at home.

Çocuklar bahçede:  Children ….

Kitap masada:  The book is …..

Baba işte: The father  is at work

Note: The 3th. person singular  doesn’t take any suffixe for verb to be. Therefore  we don’t see the verb personal ending for these exemples. 

2. Dative Case : -(y)2 : to, towards, ...

eve, bahçeye, okula : to the house ...

Ali eve gidiyor. : Ali is going  home.

Mehmet bana bakıyor : Mehmet is looking at me.

Kalemi oraya koy : Put the pencil  there.

Sana söylüyorum . I’m telling you

Some verbs requires dative form: (bakmak,vermek, söylemek, koymak ……)

(to look, to give, to say, to put….)

3. Accusative / Definite Objective Case : -(y)4´

The verbe must be transitive verb. Accusative form is needed when the object of the sentence is definite and specific. We´ll see the difference below:

okumak:  to read   /   gazete: newspaper

okuyorum :             I´m reading.

Bir gazete okuyorum. : I´m reading  a paper.

Gazeteyi okuyorum. : I´m reading the paper.

Okuyor:                      He is reading.

Ali gazeteyi okuyor. :  Ali is reading the paper.

görmek:   to see

Bir ev görüyorum. :                            I see a house.

Evi görüyorum :                                 I see the house.

Evi gördüm:                                       I saw or( have seen )the house.

Bursa´ yı gördüm:                            I saw or( have seen) Bursa.

Also when we say "that house, the red house, his house etc."  the house is not just any house but a definite one, so the accusative case ending is used.

4. Ablative Case : -D2´n : from, out of, through

evden, bahçeden, sokaktan, çocuktan from (out of, through) the house,…..

geliyor:  (he) is coming 

Ali bahçeden geliyor :            Ali is coming from the garden.

Ali nereden geliyor? :             Where is Ali coming from?

Parktan geliyor :                    He´s coming from the park.

As we know after unvoiced letters (hard consonants as p,ç,t,k,s,ş,f, h) "D" turns into "t".

5. Genitive Case : -(n)4n : of ..., ...´s

If the word ends in a vowel (possessive added or not) "n" comes as a buffer letter before the genitive suffix -4n and becomes -(n)4n. When the genitive suffix is at the end of the sentence the meaning is "it is his, hers, its, theirs ...", showing the possessor.

After proper nouns we put an apostrophe (´) to make it clear that the following ending  is the suffix. In this lesson we’ll learn the pronouns. We will see them again in lesson 10 with the command form.

kalem:  pen/pencil   /  defter: notebook 

kim?:   who?   /   kimin?                     : whose?

"Ali´nin"                                                                                :(It is) Ali´s, It belongs to Ali. 

"Bu kalem kimin?"                                         :Whose pencil is this? (To whom does this pencil belong?)

"Bu kalem Ali´nin"                                         :This pencil is Ali´s.

"Defterler çocukların"                                    :These notebooks belong to the children.

“Masanın”                                :table’s  or of the table

Masanın rengi: colour of the table.  (renk: colour)

PRONOUNS (Zamir)

ben :    I                                                                                 biz :                 we

sen :    you (singular)                         siz :                 you (plural or you polite)

o :        he, she, it, that                                               onlar :             they, those

sen :    you (informal and always singular)

siz :      you (formal and singular or plural)

Pronouns with Case Endings (C.E.)

Note that        "ben" in Dative form is "bana" and

"sen" in Dative form is "sana", instead of "bene" and "sene" and after "o" the letter “n”is used as a buffer, "ona".

C.E. with bura-, şura-, ora-, nere-.

                                   Locative                                                         Dative                                                Accusative                                    Ablative 

My suggestion to all the beginners:

Some verbs require ablative forms some dative some accusative. But in my opinion 80% of the verbs are used in the definite form in accusative. So if you learn the 20% which remain, you can guess the accusative ones...

Take a blank sheet.  Divide into 4 parts  with a ruler as a cross.

put 1-2-3-4

IN  PART  1 (left up)  name DATIVE  (Y)2  e a  ye ya:  to toward

Bir şeye bakmak, birine birşey söylemek, birine birşey vermek etc....

Bakmak is dative tou look toward somethingsöylemek if we tell to someone it2s dative also to give   is dative if  we give to someone.   as you see the action is prolonged toward someone....

IN  PART  2 -(right up) name ACCUSATIVE (y)4 (i,ü,u,ı) (ONLY DEFINITE OBJECT )

To find the object ask the questıon who or what to the verb? Whos do you love?  what do you carry ?  what do you see? The answer is the object

. It´s mostly in accusative form in Turkish. I  see the tree . or I take the newspaper. The definite  object is in accusatıve form.

BİR ŞEYI ALMAK.(ta take something)

BİRŞEYİ KOYMAK (to put something) BİR ŞEYİ SEVMEK (to love something) BİR SEYİ GETİRMEK (to bring something) BİR ŞEYI TAŞIMAK.(to carry something)

This is approximativeley 80 % of the verbs.....

IN  PART  3 (left below WRITE LOCATIVE d2- de da  :at, in ,on 

durmak (stop) -uyumak (sleep) -kalmak (stay)  -koşmak (run)

evde kalmak /stay at home) -yatakta uyumak (to sleep in the bed) etc....

IN  PART  4 (right below) put ABLATIVE: DEN DAN -FROM

çıkmak (leave get out)- korkmak(be afraid) -vaz geçmek (renounce) - nefret etmek (hate)-gelmek come from somewhere)- hoşlanmak(lıke) sıkılmak (to get annoyed 

Evden çıkıyorum. I´m leaving the house (we say from house)

I´m afraid of the dog we say  from the dog : köpekten korkuyorum

Bu işten vazgeçiyorum: I renounce this work 

evden geliyorum: I come from home 

işten çıkıyorum: I´m leaving work

işten sıkıldım :I´m fed up with work!!!!

This is the way to remember and not get mixed upwith these vebs. But using them a lot in the sentences will make you remember.

By substituting each time just one word try to make sentences yourself as:

Havluyu görüyorum,evi görüyorum, atı görüyorum, atı gördün, atı gördün mü?

I see the towel, I see the house, I see the horse, you saw the horse, did you see the horse?

(at becomes  at+ ı ) this suffixe "ı "is accusatıve .It´s just the definite object in Turkish because if I say "Bir at gördüm" it means:  I saw a horse (ındefinite object)

EXERCICES

Please put the right ending Dative or accusative    (Y)2 =(y)e -(y)a  or  (y)4   = ı,i,u, ü

1) Taksim´............... git   : Go to Taksim=

2) Paris´..................  gel : Come to Paris

3  Beril´..................  söyle: Tell to Beril

4) Beril´......... seviyorum: I love Beril

5)  Kitap.......................getiriyorum : I bring the vase:

6)  Vazo...................beğeniyorum  I like the vase

7) kapı.......bak.: look at the door or (can be understood also open the door)

8) kitap.....bak: look at the book

9)kitap...  masa....  koy: put the book on the table

Answers

1) Taksim´e  2) Paris´e   3) Beril´e  4 Beril´i   4) kitabı   6) vazoyu 7)kapıya 8)kitaba 9) kitabı masaya koy