In my opinion,
Gelemedim. unfortunately I couldn´t come, it is related to me or something happened on the way. I wanted or tried but it was not possible. I will come next time.
Gelemezdim. I couldn´t come, because there was a reasonable excuse. Actually I could come, but I didin´t prefer or choose coming. I didn´t set off. Also in this situation I probably can´t do next time too. You should not expect me to come in this situation.
I know I couldn´t explain, but tried. Their meaning is very close. You can use gelemedim instead of gelemezdim, it doesn´t matter.
I totally agree with the explanation but I do no agree really that they can be used instead of each other. "gelemezdim" really makes the sentence dramatic in a way that you had no chance of coming.