belirtme sıfatı -----> determinative adjective  

 Bu kitap ---> This book 

 O adam-----> That man

 hangi ağaç ----> Which tree ?

 ne biçim ? --->  What sort? , what kind ?

 dördüncü ev--->  The fourth house

 kimi insanlar ----> Some people

.......etc....

benzeşmezlik -----> dissimilation, differentiation  

In some words, the consonants are changed into other consonants by some people in daily speak and in some local dialects. [ not in writing]

Correct spelling       transformed spelling [wrong way]

muşamba ----------> muşamma

aktar ---------------> attar

fincan ---------------> filcan

tekrar ----------------> tekral

aşçı  ------------------> ahçı

birader -----------------> bilader

birleşik eylem ----> compound verb, complex verb  

a multi-word compound that acts as a single verb

His [feeling] + s [repeating the last consonant]+ etmek [auxiliary verb ] --> Hissetmek

Hissetmek = to feel

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Kayıp [ Loss,missing ] + Kaybetmek [ "ı" drops and "p" changes into "b" ]

Kaybetmek ----> to lose

Kayıp + etmek [ auxiliary verb ]

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Hasta [ ill,sick] + olmak [  auxiliary verb "to be" ]---->  Hasta olmak = To be sick [ill], to get sick [ill].

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Teşekkür [thank ] + etmek [ auxiliary verb ] ------> Teşekkür etmek = To thank

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birleşik sıfat  -----> compound adjective  

 
beyaz tenli kız ---> white skin  girl. [the girl with white skin ]

beyaz [white] + ten [sking] + li [with] ---> with white skin

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güler yüzlü  ------> smiling face, cheerful face.

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kalın kafalı ---------> with thick head, thick headed, thicko

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bitişken dil ------> agglutinative language  

Turkish is an agglutinative language. The word "agglutinative" is derived from the Latin verb agglutinare, which means "to glue together. In Turkish the roots of the word can not be divided. Instead, the new words  are formed by adding prefixes or suffixes to the words.

Göz --> Eye

Gözlük --> Glasses

Gözlükçü ---> Optician

Gözlüksüz ---> without glasses

Gözlem ---> observation

Gözleme ---> a kind of thin börek cooked on a sheet.

Other  agglutinative languages are Hungarian, Mongolian ...

Cins isim --->  common noun  

Common nouns are general names for people, places and things

 Ev, insan, kedi, dağ, nehir, şehir, düşünce, us, annelik, ordu ..etc..

çekimli eylem ----> finite verb  

The finite forms of a verb are the forms where the verb shows tense, person or number

geldim(gel-di-m) ---> I came.

geldi(get-di)  ------> He/she/it came.

geldin (gel + di-n)---> You came.

geldiniz (gel+di+niz) ---> you[plural] came.

geldik ( gel +di + k) ---> we came.

geldiler (gel +di+ler)----> they came.

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hastayım(hasta-y-ım) ----> I am ill.

hastasın(hasta-sın)-------> you are ill.

hastasınız ------------> You [plural] are ill.

hasta, hasadır (hasta-dır) ---> he/she/it is ill.

hastayız (hasta-y-iz)--------> we are ill.

hastalar, hastadırlar (hasta-dır-lar) ----> they are ill.

belirsiz özne ----> Impersonal

 In Turkish in some Verbs with 3.person, the subject is sort of  unknown.

 Mektup istemez ---> No need for letter.

 İşte bu kadar!  ----> That´s it !

 Afiyet olsun ! ------> Bon apetite !

 Bundan bana ne !----> What´s it to do with me !

Mektup istemez

In what way is it impersonal? Subject is the letter here.

Literal translation would be:

The letter doesn´t want.

This is an interesting form. I had briefed something about it here:

http://www.turkishclass.com/forumTitle_49726

belirteç [ Zarf ] ----->  adverb

 It is any word that modifies verbs or any part of speech ,
Adverbs typically answer questions such as how?, in what way?, when?, where?, and to what extent?.

Karadenizi  yüzerek geçti. ----> He/she passed Blacksea by swimming.

Yağmur hiç durmadı ----> The rain never stopped.

Pencereden içeri baktım----> I looked inside through the window.

Dün akşam rüyamda seni gördüm --->  I saw you last night in my dream.

Biz her gece oraya gideriz ------> We go there everynight.

Daha güzel bir dünya için çok çalışmalıyız ----> We need to work hard for a better world.

Ne zaman geleceksin ? ---------> When will you come ?

Niçin gökyüzü bu kadar mavi ? ----> Why is the sky so blue ?

 Yes, It is an interesting form.

The literal translation wouldnt sound good as you can see. I mean the subject is not very clear. "Mektup istemez " is more like "No need for letter " If it was ;

"Ahmet mektup istemez " then that would make more sense. And we can easly point the subject out which is " Ahmet "

" Ahmet wouldnt want letter "