I´m not a native Turkish speaker. Also, I´m not an expert, but I like to imitate being one. Please find below how I would answer your questions according to my current knowledge.
"There" is:
Orada - "There" ("in there"): Ben oradayım - I am there.
Oraya - "To there" (in "there"-direction): Oraya gidiyorum - I am going there.
Oradan - "From there": Oradan geldim - I came from there.
So "I went there" is: Oraya gittim.
It is similar with "here": burada, buraya, buradan - "here", "to here", "from here".
Gitmiş as far as I know can be two different things:
1. When it is located to the right of subject, then it is inferential past tense. This means that you are talking about action which occured in the past, but you haven´t seen it happen - you either heard about it or inferred that it happen from what you can see. For example:
Ali şehre gitti. - Ali went to the town. <- You are certain that this happened.
Ali şehre gitmiş. - Apparently, Ali went to the town, /or/ It is said that Ali went to the town. <- As far as I know, you can use it for example when:
a) Someone told you that Ali went to the town, but you haven´t witnessed it yourself.
b) You suppose that Ali went to the town from facts known to you - for example, you come to Ali´s house with your friend and you find out that he´s not there. So you can say "Şehre gitmiş" - "Apparently, he went to the town".
Sorry for bit long story - but unfortunately it´s not over. Because....
2. This -miş thing can be also located before subject. Then verb with miş is used to describe a subject - more specifically, it describes action which happened to subject in the past. I think it is called past participle?
I can´t think of good example with gitmiş, but with bitmiş one thing comes to my mind:
Bitmiş iş. <- "Finished work".
But:
İş bitmiş. <- It´s like in point 1 - "Apparently, work is finished", "It is said that work has been finished".
Another example:
Hazırlanmış plan. <- Plan that has been prepared / Prepared plan
but:
Plan hazırlanmış. <- I gather that plan has been prepared / It is said that plan has been prepared.
Edited (11/5/2013) by tomac
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