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Thanks to everyone for their contributions; I´ll try to add a bit more scientific answer. Turkish and Arabic are completely unrelated languages. Turkish is an Altaic language, possibly distantly related to Japanese and Mongolian although not all linguists are agreed upon that. (It is *not* related to Hungarian or Finnish although it shares *some* structural points, as it does with the also unrelated Dravidian languages.) Arabic is a Semitic language, related to Aramaic and Hebrew. What does that mean for actual structure?
Turkish grammar is agglutinative, based on an unchanging root upon which suffixes are added. There is no gender in any of the Turkic languages. There are also no prefixes.
Arabic is built on trilateral roots - a root has (usually) 3 consonants that remain the same and define a concept, and changing placement of vowels in between those consonants.
Where it sometimes gets confused is that Turkish took in many, many loanwards from Arabic and Persian, and some of the Arabic words came into Turkish through Persian. But this doesn´t mean that the languages are related. As an Arab poster mentioned understanding many Turkish words of Arabic origin, but had difficulty with the word order/structure of Turkish. A speaker of Japanese might have the opposite problem - no recognition of words, but the structure would feel much more familiar.
Many of the "irregularities" in Turkish gramar actually owe to conflict between Turkish and Arabic phonology like "kitap > kitabı" (the original Arabic word is "kitab" but Turkish doesn´t generally allow a "b" at the end of a word so it´s devoiced to "p"), or "hat > hattı" (Arabic hatt, but in Turkish a double consonant can only be pronounced between two vowels). And certainly if you know Arabic or Persian many of the irregularities in Turkish will seem much less confusing and you´ll understand the relationships between words like "kitap" and "mektup" that even a Turk might not recognize without education.
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