It's easy.
past tense suffixes are as follows:
-dı
-di
-du
-dü
-tı
-ti
-tu
-tü
1. After a vowel always use the "-d" version.
2. After an unvoiced consonant use the "-d" version.
3. Only after a voiced consonant use the "-t" version.
Voiced consonants are : p,ç,t,k,h,s,ş,f (hint "Fıstıkçı Şahap")
Ok, let's summarize 1,2 and 3:
If the last letter before the past tense suffix is "abcdegğıijlmnoöruüvyz" use "-d" version and if it is "pçtkhsşf" use "-t" version.
Remember it is only the last letter that counts for consonant harmony.
gitmek : to go
"git + ti + m" : I went
"git + me + di + m" : I didn't go
On affirmative last letter was voiced consonant, on negative last lette changed.
Now you know when to use t or d versions. But there are four of each. Which one do we use, say for d version?
-dı -di -du -dü
This time after consonant harmony it is "vowel harmony" that takes the stage.
In general :
a is followed by a or ı
e is followed by e or i
ı is followed by a or ı
i is followed by e or i
o is followed by a or u
ö is followed by e or ü
u is followed by a or u
ü is followed by e or ü
If we apply these to past tense:
if the last vowel is a use -dı
if the last vowel is ı use -dı
if the last vowel is e use -di
if the last vowel is i use -di
if the last vowel is o use -du
if the last vowel is u use -du
if the last vowel is ö use -dü
if the last vowel is ü use -dü
Example:
"gitmek"
verb stem is "git"
now you check two things:
1. is the last letter a voiced consonant?
2. what is the last vowel?
Yes, the last letter a voiced consonant and therefore I should use the t version.
The last vowel i and I should use "ti"
So we get "gitti".
example:
okumak > oku
1. is the last letter a voiced consonant? no
2. what is the last vowel? u
>>okudu
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