"geminin uğradığı" is a compound noun.(http://www.turkishclass.com/turkish_lesson_35  It is formed with the same rule/logic as we form the sentence for example "Adam´ın evi" (Adam´s house)
Adam´ın evi
Geminin uğradığı
If he doesn´t see the relation between nin in geminin and ı in uğradığı, the word geminin alone probably will sound absurd to a learner.
The second ı in uğradığını shows that the word is the direct object of the sentence and answers the question "what did they think?"
Bazı insanlar (geminin dev bir ahtapot tarafından saldırıya uğradığı)+nı düşünüyordu.
Some people thought that the ship was attacked by a giant octopus.
Adam´ın evi
Geminin uğradığı
This form can be formulated as:
POSSESSOR+GENITIVE SUFFIX POSSESSED+POSSESSIVE SUFFIX
What´s so unusual about it is that it involves 2 suffixes (genitive and possessive). I don´t know any other language using 2 suffixes together.
In English for example it can be translated using Saxon genitive or "of":
Ali´nin evi = Ali´s house
Evin girişi = Entrance of the house
But why use 2 suffixes together? What´s the logic behind it?
This unusual construction makes it possible to insert many grammatical elements in between as seen in the long example given.
Bazı insanlar (geminin dev bir ahtapot tarafından saldırıya uğradığı)+nı düşünüyordu.
Another possibility is that you can insert another compond of this form in between:
Bazı insanlar (geminin dev bir ahtapotun saldırısına uğradığı)+nı düşünüyordu.
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