Meğer [meğerse]

This introduces a clause giving the true facts as against what we mistakenly thought were true.

- Ben onu bekar sanıyordum meğer evliymiş.

I thought she was single but I found out that she´s  married.

- Ben onun gittiğini sanıyordum meğerse gitmemiş.

I thought he had gone, but he hadn´t.

The important point to remember about meğer is that the true facts are something you discover later. It is for this reason that the verb of the clause following meğer is always in the -miş form.

We can not say , - O beni bekar sanıyor meğer evliyim. You know you are married. This is not the sort of thing one discovers later.

  -mesiyle  mesi bir oldu

Here two actions follow one another so rapidly that they seem almost one action.

- Yatmamla uyumam bir oldu.

  I fell asleep as soon as my head hit the pillow !

In the model sentence above, the only connection between the two acts -yatand -uyu is the they follow one another instantaneously.

-mesiyle [ -memle, -menle, -memizle, -menizle, -meleriyle] is added to the root of the first verb. This is followed by the -mesi [-mem, -men, -memiz, -meniz,- meleri] The "bir oldu" never changes.

- Girmesiyle oturması bir oldu.

He had barely entered the room when he sat down.

- Düşmesiyle ölmesi bir oldu.

He died when he hit the floor.

Hypothetical Condition

When the condition, upon which the action of the principal clause hinges, is close to reality, when the speaker feels it to be an actual problem, we use the conditional.  We add ise[-se]  to the tense base.

When the condition is improbable or hypothetical, -se [sa] is added directly to the verb root or stem.

The personal endings are the same as in the past definite [-n,-n,-k,-niz,-ler] ; that is, we add to the verb or stem [-sem,-sen,-se,-sek,-seniz,-seler ]

Examples:

-Gitsem ne yapar ? ---> If I were to leave what would she/he do ?

-Kitapları gelecek hafta getirsem acaba bir şey derler mi  ? ---> I wonder if they would mind if I brought the books next week ?

- Yapsan da yapmasan da bir. ---> It is all one, whether you do it or not.

Az kaldı / Az kalsın 

When we want to say that something almost happened we use az kaldı or az kalsın followed by the verb representing the action. The verb following az kalsın or az kaldı ends either in - iyordum or -ecektim. 

The idea this form conveys is : Alittle more and this would have happened.

Az kalsın elimi kesiyordum.  ---> I almost cut my hand.

Az kalsın köpeği ezecektik. ----> We almost ran over the dog.

Az kaldı fincanı düşecektin. ----> You almost dropped the cup.

Az kaldı merdivenden düşüyordum. ---> I almost fell down the stairs.

Note : Az daha is also used in the same way.

 -miş olabilir

This structure is used when we make a judgement/guess related to past. 

- İstanbul´a gitmiş olabilir. ---> May be he´s gone to İstanbul.

- Türkçe´yi unutmuş olabilir. ---> May be he forgot  [his] Turkish.

- Kapıyı açık bırakmış olabilirler. ---> May be they left the door open.

- Seni sinirlendirmemiş olabilir ama beni sinirlendirdi. ---> May be it didn´t make you annoyed but it annoyed me.[I got annoyed]

Elliptical forms of Bak

When  you realize something ;

  Baktım işler kötüye gidiyor ben de oradan ayrıldım. ---> When I realizedthat things are going bad I left there.

It can be used in conditional situation,

Baktın canın sıkılıyor bize gel. --->  If you get bored, come to us.

Observing,

Bakıyorum da çok çalışıyorsun.  ---> [As] I see you are working very hard.

Bakacağım eğer bana iyi davranırsa ona yardım ederim. ---> I will see, if she will treat me good then I will help her.

Advice

Sen ona bakma, ne derse desin.  --> Just ignore him, let him say whatever he wants.

Sorting something out

Bir çaresine bakarız.  ---> We will sort that out

Adjectives with the possessive

An adjective used without a noun is understood to refer to a noun :

Exp :

Sarı temiz, yeşil değil. ----> The yellow one is clean, the green one is not.

* When an adjective used like this refers to one out of a number of persons or things, the adjective takes the third person possessive suffix.

- Sarısı temiz, yeşili değil.

- Hangisi ucuz ? kahverengi mi, kırmızı mı ? 

   Which [of them] is cheaper ?, the brown or the red ?

- Hangisini aldın ? 

 Which of them did you buy ?

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aynı - same

aynısı - the same of it [the same as that ]

- Şapkasını beğendim, ben de aynısını aldım. 

I liked his hat and I bought the same [of it]

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The word hep, which can be translated as "always" but can also mean "all", is used with this possessive suffix - hepsi

-  Hepsi ne kadar ? ---> How much is it all ? [all of it ]

- Hepsine para verdim. ---> I gave [some] money to all of them.

The reciprocal pronoun

The reciprocal pronoun birbiri means ´each other´. 

birbirimiz  ----> each other of us [one another of us ]

birbiriniz ----> each other of you 

birbiri/birbirleri  ----->  each other of them 

- Birbirimize baktık.  ---> We looked at eachother.

- Birbirinize saygı gösterin. --->  Respect eachother. [one another ]

- Birbirinizin bilgisayarını kullanmayın. ---> Don´t use each other´s pc.

j sound

In Turkish words there is no " j " sound. This sound is only found in borrowed words, such as :

Jandarma = gendarme [military police]

Jale = A female name

Japon= Japanese 

Japonya = Japan [Nippon]

That´s why in some dialects these words are pronounced with"c"

Candarma 

Capon

The ´c´ in Turkish is a little different than the ´j´ in English?

Turkish C pronounced like English G and J in the following words.

(exactly the same)

gel (cel)

genuine (cen-yu-in)

gender (cen-dı(r))

genocide (ce-nı-sayd)

gem (cem)

(very close)

jail (ceyl)

jargon (ca(r)-gın)

jeopardize (ce-pı(r)-dayz)

Turkish J (which is borrowed from Persian) pronounced like S in the following words:

pleasure (ple-jı(r))

treasure (tre-jı(r))