Metathesis

Metathesis which means re-arranging of sounds and syllables in Turkish is seen in some words. It is transposition of two phonems in a word.

toprak ---> torpak

kibrit  ---> kirbit

lanet ----> nalet

ekşi  ----> eşki

kirpi  ----> kipri

kirpik ----> kiprik

  -[y] esin /ecekmişsin

-eyesin form is replaceable by -ecekmişsin form and both forms can be translated as  ´´ should ´´ form. Such as : 

- Niçin bu kadar para ödeyesin ? ---> Why should you pay this much money ?

- Niçin bu kadar para ödeyecekmişsin ? ---> Why should you pay this much money?

- Neden işi bırakasın [ki] ? ---> Why should you quit the work ?

- Neden işi bırakacakmışsın [ ki ] ? --->Why should you quit the work ?

Moods that refer future action

The sentence with future action can be built with several moods.

Example: 

Merak etme yarın seni ararım. -à Don’t worry, I call you tomorrow.

Aorist mood but refers to a future action.

Merak etme seni yarın arıyorum. ---à Don’t worry, I am calling you tomorrow.

Continuous mood but refers to a future  action.

Merak etme seni yarın arayacağım. ---> Don´t worry, I will call you tomorrow.

Future mood and refers to a future action.

So called subject

“So called subjects ” are seen in some sentences in which the  subject is not clear.  In such cases, we choose the element which is effected by the action as a subject and we call it “so called subject ”.

* The passive sentences  produce this type of subjects.

For example ;

Bu konu çok iyi anlaşıldı.  -à This subject is understood very well.

In the sentence above, we don’t know by who the action [being understood] is performed, what we know is “ bu konu [this subject] is the element that is effected by the action. Therefore , it functions as a subject. [so called subject]

Bu konu -à “so called subject ”

anlaşıldı  -à predicate

Bütün işler    yapıldı.        ---à All   jobs have been done.   

S.C Subject    Predicate

Here, we don’t know who done all jobs, all we know is the jobs has been done. “ All the jobs” is the element that is effected by the action most. Therefore the “ so called subject ”  is “ Bütün işler” [All jobs ]

Çiçekler         sulanıyor.  --à The flowers are being watered.

S.C Subject     Predicate

Kapı          usulca    açıldı. -à The door was opened quietly.

Pamuklar     toplandı.  -à  The cottons were picked. [collected]

S.C Subject        Predicate

Consonant dropping may be seen in some words in Turkish in spoken language. Some of them are :

The Infinitive Sentential Subjects

These kind of subjects are relating to a sentence. In other words, sentential complement.

Arabayı tamir etmek pahalıya maloldu.

Infinitive sentential subject

Repairing the car did cost a lot.

Infinitive sentential subject

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Oraya gitmek uzun sürer.

ISS               

Going there will take long time.

ISS

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1 yılda Türkçe öğrenmek çok çaba ister.

ISS

Learning Turkish in 1 year requires a lot of effort.

ISS

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Her gün 5 km yürümek  beni yoruyor.

ISS

Walking 5 km every day makes me tired.

ISS

Eyle- 

This auxiliary verb still exists in some archaic forms and colloquial speech as a verb and an auxiliary verb.

It´s original form was "edle-" in old Turkish. "Eyle " form came into use in old Anatolian Turkish and many compound verbs were formed with it.

- Rabbim ne eylerse güzel eyler.

 Whatever God does He does good.

- Neyleyim malı mülkü ? 

[ Ne + eyle +yim]

What will I do with earthly things ? [I don´t need any earthly possessions]

* Eylemek may also mean as " to keep someone busy "

- Eyleme beni , daha yapacak çok işim var. 

Don´t keep me busy,I´ve still got many things to do.

* It may be used as an expression of begging someone not to do something.

- Etme eyleme ! acı bana. 

Please don´t do!  pity on me.

Complex compounds

These kind of compounds are formed of 3 elements , that of the first twoelements form "noun phrase" whereas the whole are considered as "adjective phrase"

Fransız   malı   ürünler ----> French [France] made products

1             2       3 

Noun phrase

Fransız   malı  ---> make of France [French make]

  1           2    

Adjective phrase

Fransız   malı   ürünler ----> The products of French make 

  1           2         3

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Adana  usulü dolma --->  Adana style dolma. [Dolma in Adana way ]

1            2        3 

Noun phrase

Adana  usulü  ----> Adana way

1            2 

Adjective phrase

Adana  usulü dolma 

1           2        3  

  -men/-man

This is very functional suffix. This suffix may also come on to some verb stems.

- Çevir + men --->  Translator

- Göç +  men ---> Immigrant/Migrant

- Öğret + men ---> Teacher

- Kat + man ----> Layer

- Say  + man ----> Bookkeeper/accounting officer

- Et + men --->  Factor

- Düzelt + men ---> Proofreader/editor

- Eleştir  + men ----> Critic

- Eğit + men -----> Instructor

- Okut + man ----> Instructor/Lecture

- Yönet + men ----> Director / Film director

Synecdoche

A  figure  of  speech  in which the name of a part is used to stand for the whole or the whole for a part /the specific for the general, the general for the specific, or the material for the thing made from  it.

Yelkenli su almaya başladı. ---> The sailing boat started to put out the sea.

Here, "yelkenli " is used in place of "tekne [boat]"

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Tren Ankara´ya girdi. -----> The train entered into Ankara.

In fact, Ankara stands for "Ankara train station".

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Son iki haftadır Orhan Pamuk okuyorum. ---> I have been reading Orhan Pamuk for the last two weeks.

In fact, by saying "Orhan Pamuk "  we mean " Orhan Pamuk´s books. "

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Eve haber vermeden gitme. ---> Don´t go without telling [informing] home.

The whole part [Ev] stands for the part [mother/father etc..] 

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Bütün salon alkışladı. ---> The whole salon clapped.

Actually it wasn´t saloon who clapped, it was " all of the people in saloon " who clapped.

Initial reduplication

The repetition of the initial vovel of the underlined words below plus /p/ form a kind of prefix serving as an intensifier of the meaning. This prefix is used with some adjectives and a few adverbs.

apaçık 

Hakime her şeyi apaçık anlattılar. ---> They told the judge everything very clearly.

ıpıslak

Yağmurdan ıpıslak olduk. ---> We became all wet from the rain.

ipince

Bu ipince bluzla üşümüyor musun ?  ----> Aren´t you [feeling] cold wearing such a thin blouse ?

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