Anastrophe sentence forms in Noun Clauses.

We come across sentences wherein the usual word order is inverted. To identify inverted sentence we simply look at the position of predicate in the sentence. If the predicate is in unusual place [in the begining or in the middle of the sentence] then the sentence can be called as "inverted sentence".

inversion in noun clauses ;

proper form [the predicate is in the end of the sentence] SOV

O öğrenci bugün sınıftaydı ---> That pupil today was in the class .

                      Predicate

Inverted form [the predicate is in the middle of the sentence]

O öğrenci sınıftaydı    bugün.  ---> That pupil was in the class today.

              Predicate     

Inverted form [the predicate is in the begining of the sentence]

Sınıftaydı    o öğrenci bugün.  ---> In the class was that pupil today.

 Predicate 

Tunci,

when would we use option 3?

Option 1 is the standard, as you say

O öğrenci bugün sınıftaydı

Option 2 puts an emphasis on they were in the class (e.g. someone else said they skipped lesson and were in Starbucks and you are saying, no they were in class). Is this correct? or could it also be an emphasis on today?

O öğrenci sınıftaydı bugün.

Option 3. Is this just literary or poetic? Or is there a different emphasis.

Thanks for taking the time to answer.

Marion, the common view about emphasis in Noun Sentences is  that always on predicate. So, whether it is inverted sentence or not, emphasis is suppossed to be on predicate which is -in our case -sınıftaydı-.

Yes, your example is correct however, the third option emphasizing the the same thing which is [in the]class.

It is not necessarily poetic or literary. We use all those 3 ways in daily conversations.

- Esi [Ası]   var [yok] 

This construction comes onto verb stem to express our desire for doing something. 

It is negated with "yok".

 Verb stem + esi [ası] + Personal marking      +       var   [yok]

  git             +   esi        +    m                            +       var  

  gidesim  var ---> I have desire to  go 

 Bugün  parka  gidesim  var. ---->  I have  desire to go to the park.

                                                     [ I feel like going to the park]

 Yarın işe gidesim yok --->  I have no desire to go to work tomorrow.

                                           [ I  don´t feel like going to work tomorrow]

 Küçük çocuğun süt içesi yok ----> Little child has no desire to drink milk.

 Hiç  matematik çalışasım  yok  ---> I have no desire for studying maths. 

                                                        [ I don´t feel like studying maths]

Buffer letter  " n "

1. When a pronoun takes case ending, we put "n" between.

O - n - a   ---->  Ona ----> to him

O - n - dan  ----> Ondan ----> from  him

Bu + n + u    söyledi  --->  He said  this.  

2.  In noun phrases, just after possessive ending.

Selim´in   kitabı + n + ı  aldım.   --->  I took  Selim´s  book.

Babamın  arabası + n  + ı   yıkadım ------> I washed  my father´s car.

3. It is also used before the genitive ending. 

Kapı + n  + ın    kolunu  kırdım. ---->  I broke the door´s  handle.

Sene  + n  +  in    başında  bu konuyu görüşmüştük ---> In the begining of the year, we had discussed this issue.

Bu günlerde  para + n + ın     kıymeti yok. -----> Money has no value nowadays.

Kendi as strengthening function

Reflexive pronoun “kendi”  may be used for to strengthen the statements.

- Siz  kendiniz de buna inanmıyorsunuz, değil mi ?

You , yourself  don’t belive in this , do you ?

-        Ben kendim de yapabilirim.

I  myself can do as well.

-        Müdür Bey, kendisi emir vermiş.

The manager , himself ordered [this].

-        O kendisi söylesin.

Let he/she  himself/herself  tell.

Semi-closed questions with “demek”

Using “demek” in place of question suffix “mi” makes the statement semi-closed question. It is used to expecting a confirmation about something we sense.

Demek siz eve gidiyorsunuz ?

So, you are going home, are you ?

Note: “demek ” can be placed in various places in the sentence.

Siz eve gidiyorsunuz  demek ?

Siz demek eve gidiyorsunuz  ?

Demek Türkçe bilmiyor ?

Demek bana ihtiyacınız yok artık ?

Is that right that you don’t need me ?

-mi with repetitions

The Turkish interrogative suffix " mI " can be used between the repetition of the same verb with the aourist suffix. It indicates the low possibility which is not expected to occur.

Gider  mi  gider  --> [who knows ] he may go. [ His going is not expected to happen but still there is a slight possibility that he may[might] go.

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Ahmet geçen hafta Fransa´ya taşındı. Kim bilir, orayı sever mi sever.

Ahmet moved to France last week. Who knows , he may [might] like it there.

[ Ahmet´s liking France is unexpected to happen as we know that France is not a place for Ahmet to like however there is always a slight possibility that he may like it there, We say "who knows" [kim bilir].

-ler/lar  as in different usages

-ler/lar  may not always refer plurality. It may be used as :

a)     a family name /title  when  refer a certain family, we can use –ler/lar adding onto a persons name.  It refer a family which is actually “one family”

Bugün  Haticeler gelecek.  -à Today Hatices will come. [ Hatice’s  family will come today ]

b)    Name of  a civilization which actually refer a single civilization.

Bu  Urartular’dan kalma bir kale.

This is a castle [remained] from Urartus.

c)     Showing respect

Müdür Beyler henüz gelmediler. -à Mr. Manager hasn’t come yet.

d)    Mocking, underestimating

Hanımefendiler  daha uyanmadılar !  -àThe lady  hasn’t got up yet !

e)     Approximation [about, around]

6 yaşlarında bir çocuktu.

He/She was a child aged around 6 years.

f)      Exaggeration

Ateşler içinde kıvranıyordu.

He/She was writhing [suffering a lot] because of  fevers.

Önce / Sonra

 The words  “önce [before] and sonra [after] ”  have different forms of usage in Turkish.

Öncesi /  sonrası

- Bir vınlama sesi duydum sonrasını hatırlamıyorum.

I heard a sound like vınnnn and afterwards I don’t remember anything.[ what happened afterwards ]

-        Olay öncesi hepimiz kafede oturuyorduk.

Before the event [happened] we were all sitting in the café.

Önceki / sonraki

[Dünden] Önceki gün burada ne oldu ?

What happened here on the day before yesterday ?

Sonraki gece hiç uyumadım.

I didn’t have any sleep the following night.

Bir sonraki adımınız ne oldu ?

What was your next step ?

Önceleri /  sonraları

Önceleri burada kimse yaşamıyordu.

In the begining [in the past] nobody was living here.

Sonraları öğrendim ki …........

After some time I found out that.......

Önceye / sonraya

Bu işi listemde önceye aldım.

I put this job [ one of ] first job - to do  in my list.

İşini sonraya bırakma.

Don’t postpone your job.

Öncelikle

Öncelikle herkese teşekkür etmek istiyorum...

First of all I want to thank everybody...

Complex words

Some words are formed of  some borrowed + Turkish elements.

Such words can be seen in 4 groups:

1)     Borrowed word + Turkish word

Şaheser -à masterpiece

Şah [Farsi] + eser

Hoşgörü  --à tolerance

Hoş [Farsi]  + görü

Huzurevi -à home for the aged people.

Huzur [Arabic] + evi

2)     Turkish word + borrowed word /suffix

Asmabahçe

Altsistem -à Subsystem

Alt [Turkish] + systeme [French]

Başasistan -à Chief intern

Baş [Turkish]  + asistan [French]

Başgarson -à Headwaiter

Baş [Turkish]  + garson [French]

İşkolik -à Workaholic

İş [Turkish] + kolik [borrowed suffix]

Gidişat -à the state of how things going, trend, way, progress

Gidiş [Turkish]  + at [borrowed suffix , arabic plural suffix]

İşgüzar  -à  pragmatic,meddlesome

İş [Turkish]  + güzar [Farsi suffix]

3)     Borrowed word + Turkish suffix

Vatandaş  -à countryman, citizen

Vatan [Arabic] + daş [Turkish suffix]

Tekrarlamak à To repeat

Tekrar [Arabic]  + la [Turkish suffix]

4)     Borrowed prefix  + Turkish word

Telekız -à Call girl

Tele [French prefix]  + kız [Turkish ]

Teleiletişim -à Telecommunication

Tele [French] + iletişim [Turkish]

Etc...