a,ı,o,u are thick vowels
e,i,ö,ü are thin vowels

e,a,o,ö are wide vowels
i,ı,u,ü are narrow vowels

p,ç,t,k,ş,s,f,h are sharp consonants
y,s,ş,n are linking consonants.( every y,ş,s,n is not always linking consonant)

Noun Sentenses in present simple tense

Ben =İ Biz=We Benim=My Bizim=Our Benimki=mine Bizimki=Ours
Sen=You Siz=You Senin=Your Sizin=your Seninki=yours Sizinki=yours
O=she/he/it Onlar=They Onun=his/her/its Onların=their Onunki=hers,his,its Onlarınki=theirs
Ki suffix is added
Ad=name soyad=surname Ne=What How=Nasıl

(Sen) nasılsın?= How are you?
(Siz) nasılsınız? =How are you?

(Ben) iyiyim=i am fine iyi=fine, good sağol=thank you

(Senin) Adın ne=What is your name
(Benim) Adım Julia .= My name is Julia

(Senin) Soyadın ne=What is your surname
(Benim) Soyadım Simith. = My surname is Simith.

To make negative noun sentences in present simple tense

değil is added to sentence. değil=not genç=young

(Ben) Genç değilim = İ am not young (Biz) Genç değiliz= We are not young
(Sen) Genç değilsin= You are not young (Siz) Genç değilsiniz =You are not young
(O) Genç değil = He is not young (Onlar) Genç değiller =They are not young

To make question noun sentences in present simple tense

(Ben) Genç miyim?=am i young ? (Biz) Genç miyiz?=are we young ?
(Sen) Genç misin? = are you young ? (Siz) Genç misiniz? =are you young ?
(O) Genç mi? = is he young ? (Onlar) Gençler mi?=are they young ?

To make negative noun question sentences in present simple tense

(Ben) Genç değil miyim?=am i not young ? (Biz) Genç değil miyiz?=are not we young ?
(Sen) Genç değil misin? = are not you young ? (Siz) Genç değil misiniz? =are not you young ?
(O) Genç değil mi? = is not he young ? (Onlar) Genç değiller mi?=are not they young ?

Not:The words in parenthesis are not needed.You can say them or not.They are not important.

(O) güzel bir kız(dır). =She is a beautiful girl

güzel=beautiful bir=a (also bir means one) kız=girl,daughter

Onun adı da güzel. =Her name is beautiful too. (i write one of her/his/its)
De or da=too

Bu (bizim) evimiz =This is our home

(Sizin) Eviniz çok güzel=Your home is very beautiful

ev=home çok=very

Onların evi de güzel. =Their home is beautiful too.

De or da=too

İt depends on the word’s last vowel letter before de/da. İf the last vowel is ‘’e,i,ö,ü’’ then it must be ‘’de’’, if last vowel is ‘’ a,ı,o,u ’’ then it must be ‘’da’’

E,i,ö,ü are (front vowel)
a,ı,o,u are thick (back vowel)

You do not have to memorize those;
Beni=Me Bizi=Us
Seni=You Sizi=You
Onu=him/her/it Onları=them

İt is enough to know that ;to accusate something one of ‘’i,ü,ı,u’’ added as suffix.

İf the last vowel of word letter is
E or İ =accusative suffix must be ‘’ İ â€™â€™
A or I= accusative suffix must be ‘’ I ’’
Ö or Ü= accusative suffix must be ‘’Ü’’
O or U= accusative suffix must be ‘’U’’

(Benim) gözümü=my eye
Senin gözünü=your eye
Onun gözünü=his eye

this sufix is added to accusative object too.Then it means ''the''
Give me an apple. Bana bir elma ver ver=give bana=to me
Give me the apple Bana elmayı ver.

a/e means to
Bana=to me Bize=to us
Sana=to you Size=to you
Ona=to him Onlara=to them

Leave the boxes here=Kutuları buraya bırak. Kutu=box kutular=boxes kutuları=the boxes bura=here buraya=to here bırak=leave
Nere=where nereye=to where

de/da or te/ta suffix =on,in,at

Evde=at home uçakta=on plane
Yazıda=on text çitte=on barrier

İf the last vowel is ‘’e,i,ö,ü’’ then it must be ‘’de/te’’, if last vowel is ‘’ a,ı,o,u ’’ then it must be ‘’da/ta’’
if the last consonant letter is sharp (one of those; p,ç,t,k,ş,s,f,h) then it must be te/ta
for others it must be de/da
''den'' =from
İf the last vowel is ‘’e,i,ö,ü’’(thin vowels) then it must be ‘’den’’, if last vowel is ‘’ a,ı,o,u ’’(thick vowels) then it must be ‘’dan’’

ler/lar plurar (s,ies,es)
(Onlar) (benim) okuldan arkadaşlarım = They are friends of me from school. okul=school arkadaş=friend ler/lar is suffix (for s,ies,es) to make plurar
İf the last vowel is ‘’e,i,ö,ü’’ then it must be ‘’ler’’, if last vowel is ‘’ a,ı,o,u ’’ then it must be ‘’lar’’

Var= There is/There are
(Benim) Elimde çok küçük bir elma var.= There is a very small apple in my hand.
El=hand çok=very,too much,too many küçük=small bir=a,one elma=apple var=there is,there are.
Yok= There is not /There are not
(Benim) Elimde çok küçük bir elma yok.= There is not a very small apple in my hand.