Functions of  possessive suffixes

Possessive suffixes may function as in various following ways ;

1-     Main Function [ Possession ]

 Benim  arabam à My car

 Bizim bilgisayarımız à Our computer

1. Auxiliary Function [Noun compound ]

  Kapı kolu à Door handle

  Çay bardağı à Tea glass

1. Special Function[s]

a)     forms an adjective

   Ertesi  sene -à Next year

 [Next or following of  the year]

b)     in a pronoun

biri + si --à birisi 

birisi = someone [ one of  someone]

                        bura + sı -à burası

                        burası = here

c)     adverb

Salı günü  à Tuesday [ The day of  tuesday]

[Time adverb]

1. Cliched words

Ayakkabı -à Shoe[s]

Ayak = foot

Kap =  case, pot, container

So, ayakkabı literally means – the container of  foot

Beyoğlu à A place in İstanbul

Beyoğlu literally means – Son of  Bey

-mez olaydı

Using this form , we strongly wish of something never happened  because :

• we regret it that we did it.
•  Putting “Keşke ” is optional.
• We are not happy with the results at all.
•  Expresses the feeling of anger, hurt, disappointment with the result.

Verb stem + mez [maz]    olaydı + person

- Oraya gittin mi ?  è Have you gone there ?

-        Bugün onu gördün mü  -à Have you seen him/her today ?

-        Görmez olaydım. -à I wish I never seen him/her today. [ because may be he/she pissed me off or I had an argument with him/her  etc.. ]

Interesting.

As ola is the old future form and often in contemporary language conveys a wish, I am curious to know whether the ECEK future can do the same job, like

                          ?görmez olacaktım

or do you need to add the SA signal of wish like in

                           ?görmez olsaydım    ?

Yes, it is old future form of  “olsun” [let it happen] and in contemporary language conveys a wish. Just “ola”.

Nevruzunuz kutlu ola  ! -à May your nevruz be happy !

An example in contemporary language:

Geçmiş ola à May you recover from it. [However, this is not “ Geçmiş olsun” as a phrase which is said to a someone who is ill, but it is said to someone to whom  something already happened and its too late for him to get that thing right, saying just deal with it and recover from it]

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“?görmez olacaktım “  Aorist + ol  + future  doesn’t give us the same meaning , honestly  I can’t think of  much of  meaning that construction may convey unless we make such sentence below :

O zamanlar yaşasaydım, bu olayın şahidi olacak gözlerim görmez kulaklarım duymaz olacaktı.

If  I was to live in that time, my eyes- which would have been witnessed to this [event] – would become blind and my ears become deaf.

• So, if a condition in a certain period of  time in the past fulfilled [ if I lived in that time],  another thing would highly possible to  happen [ my eyes become blind and my ears become deaf ]

• And if you put SA signal onto that construction “?görmez olacaktım “  -à görmez olacakSAydım.   İt would convey No logic or meaning at all.

Possibility –mi

When –mi comes between repeated verbs, it creates and emphasize the possibility -à

“ Who knows, that may happen “, “ He/She might surprise us “, “ You can never  know “

 Verb in aorist form +  mi [mı ] +  Repeating same verb

-        O asla Türkçe öğrenemez. -à  He/She can never learn Turkish.

-        Öyle deme. Öğrenir mi öğrenir.  -à Don’t say that. He/she can learn , you never know.

-        O işi bırakamaz.  -à He/She can not quit that job.

-         Bırakır mı bırakır. -à He/She may surprise you . [ She may quit that job, you never know ]

Locative case  [-dA] as Derivational suffix

Locative case suffix [dA] with some words function just like a derivational suffix, since those words gain a new meaning and changes into a noun, an adjective or an adverb rather than staying as a word with locative case.

 Since they become a fixed word with  after taking locative case suffix. Therefore , we can say that  locative –dA which is a case suffix,  functioned as derivational suffix.

adverb

Söz – word

Söz + de = “ in word” -à however, it gains a new meaning which is “ supposedly”

Sözde –supposedly.

 Now,  it transformed into a new word which is “ supposedly”

Sözde bugün gelecekti. -à Supposedly [allegedly] he was gonna come today. [ But he didn’t ]

İkide bir [de] -à In literal locative meaning “ in two and in one , however, it gains a new meaning which is “ constantly, again and again, all the time, continually ”

- İkide bir bana aynı soruyu sorma -à Don’t keep asking me the same question [ Don’t ask me same question over and over again ]

Adjective

Sözde – “ so called ”

- Sözünü ettikleri sözde sağlıklı yaşam bana mantıksız geliyor.

“The so called healthy life ” they are talking about is just a nonsense to me.

Noun

Yüzde à Literally “in hundered” or “ in the face ”, however, it also gained a new meaning which is “ percentage , percent, commission ”

- Sınıfın yüzde yirmisi Türk öğrencilerden oluşmaktadır.

20 percent of school students are Turks.

Some other words

Sayende –> because of you

Sayende bu işi bitirdik. -à Because of you we were able to finish this job.

Yerinde -à “in its place” , it also gained a new meaning which is “ appropriate, relevant”

Birlikte  à “ literally “in unity” , gained a new meaning which is  “ together”

-dIk adjectives

This kind of  adjectives are formed of  adding –dIk  onto verb stem.

 Verb stem +  -dIk [dik, duk, dük]

 Tanı  +  dık -  Tanıdık [ familiar]

  Tanıdık yüzler  -à Familiar faces

 Bil  + dik =  Bildik  [known, usual, familiar ]

 Bu onun bildik tavrı değildi. -à This wasn’t his/her usual manner.

Its negative forms are more common

Um + ma + dIk = Ummadık [unexpected, unhoped-for ]

Para ummadık yerden geldi. à The money came from unexpected place/person.

Ol + ma + dık  -à Olmadık [unnecessary, improper]

Olmadık işler peşinde koşuyor -à He is going after unnecessary, improper things.

Duy + ul + ma + dık à Duyulmadık. [ Unheard ]

-ce  as togetherness

In some cases, using –cA with some group names gives us the meaning of “togetherness” when we talk about the actions performed by a certain group of people or unity etc...

Sınıf + ça  à Sınıfça  [as a class ]

Bu kararı sınıfça aldık. -à We , as a class, made this decision.

Aile + ce à Ailece [ as a family ]

Ailece pikniğe gittik. à We, as a family, went to the picnic.

Okul + ca -à Okulca [as a whole school ]

Okulca bir yarışmaya katıldık. --à  As a school we participated in a competition.

Takım + ca -à Takımca  [ as [a whole] team ]

Takımca güzel oynadık. -à As a [whole] team, we played well.

Millet + çe -à Milletçe [ as a [whole] nation]

Milletçe çok üzüldük. -à As a [whole] nation, we got so upset.

Intensified  Adjectives

There are some prefixes that intensify the meaning of  adjectives.

-        prefix  p :

a)     ap, ip, ıp, up

ap + acı -à very hot

ap + ayrı -à quite different

Apayrı bir konudan bahsediyor  -à He/She is talking about quite different subject.

Ap  +  ansız [ın ] -à very unexpectedly

Apansız kapın çalınırsa bil ki odur. à If you have a knock on your door in least expected time, surely that is gonna be him/her.

Ip + ıslak -à Very wet

İp + ince -à Quite thin

Up + uzun -à Very long

Upuzun bir nehir akıyor ülkenin batısından.

Very long river flows through the west of the country.

b)     dap, dip, dop

Dap + dar -à Very tight, very narrow

Dapdar pantolonlar giyiyor. -à He/She is wearing very tight trousers.

Dip + diri -à Full of life, very energetic

Dedem hala dipdiri. -à My grandfather is still full of life [very energetic person]

Dop + dolu  --à Very full, very crowded, chock a block

       Cadde insanlarla dopdolu. -à The street is full of  people.

c)     kap, kıp, kop, yep

  Kap + kalın -à Very thick

 Bu kapkalın kitabı mı sen mi okudun ?à Is that you who read this very thick book ?

 Kap + karanlık -à Very dark, completely dark

 Burası kapkaranlık ışıkları aç -à It is very dark here, turn the lights on.

 Kıp + kırmızı  -à Very red

 Utancından yüzü kıpkırmızı oldu. -à His/Her face turned into so red from embarrassment.

Kop + koyu -à Very dark, very thick, very dense

Yep + yeni -à Very new, brand new

Yepyeni arabasıyla memleketine gitti. -à He went to his hometown with his brand new car.

d)     bam , bem bom

Bam + başka -à utterly different, quite different, completely different

Bambaşka ülkeler görüp bambaşka kültürler tanımak istiyordu.

He wanted to see completely different countries and know their cultures.

Bem + beyaz -à Very white, pure white

Bembeyaz bulutlarla kaplıydı gökyüzü. -à The sky was covered with pure white clouds.

Bom + boş -à Completely empty.

Bomboş sokaklarda yürüdüm dün gece. -à I walked on the empty streets last night.

Etc…..

Strengthening the "already negative" sentence with “olmaz ” .

Olmaz. Gidemezsin. -à No , you can’t go.

Olmaz . Bu sefer affetmem. -à No, I won’t forgive this time.

Hayır olmaz. Göremezsin. -à No, you can’t see.

Sometimes it may  form  a negative statement 

- stating a strong personal opinion

- meaning “it is not good , it wouldn’t be good ”  “it would be inappropriate “

- generally includes no personal suffix

Gecenin bu saatinde gitmek olmaz.  -à It’s not good to go at this time of the night.

Aç karnına su içmek olmaz. -à It’s no good to drink water when you are hungry.

Her gün ders çalışmak olmaz !  Biraz gez dolaş. -à It’s not good to study every day. Some times go out and hang around.

Kahve içmeden gitmek olmaz. -à It would be inappropriate leaving without drinking coffee.

Aorist inferential

Verb stem +  Ir [ir,ur,ür,er,ar ]  + miş + personal ending

Sev  +  er  +  miş + im -à I was told that I used to like

 This tense denotes  reported actions we used to do. Something we used to do in the past but we don’t remember or we don’t know about it. But we were told or somebody claimed or we heard it from somebody.

 - Annemin dediğine göre çocukken çileği çok severmişim.  

  According to my mama I  used to like strawberry very much.

-   Eskiden benden nefret edermiş.

    He/She said that he/she used to hate me.

-     O yıllarda herkes şort giyermiş.

 I heard that in those years everybody used to wear short.

-    2 sene önce buraya çok kişi gelirmiş.

I heard / I was told that many people used to come here.

-   18. yüzyılda , o köyde insanlar Türkçe konuşurmuş.

    In 18th century, in that village people used to speak Turkish.