-ecekken

To express the contrast between what was planned,expected or should have taken place and what actually took place, we use -ecekken after the verb stem describing  the action which was planned or should have been done.

* The verb in main clause describes what actually took place.

* -ecekken never changes form except for vowel harmony. 

Ev ödevini yapacakken evde oyalanıyorsun. 

Instead of doing your homework you are fooling around.

Çay içecekken limonata içmişler.

Instead of drinking tea they apparently drank lemonadeç

Bu habere ağlayacakken gülüyolruz.

Instead of crying at the news we´re laughing.

Sinemaya gidecekken evde televizyon seyrettik.

Instead of going to the cinema we watched television.

Syntactical positions of  gerundial sentences

In Turkish syntax generally the dependant element comes before the main element. However, gerunds may be seen in 3 positions in a sentence.

1. Preliminary position

Generally, gerundial sentences come before the main sentence.

Ders  bittikten sonra   eve gideceğim. I will go home after the class is over.

Gerundial sentence       Main sentence

Kitabı alınca   bana getir.  Bring me the book when you get it.

Gerundial         Main

2. Latter [Final] position

In some cases, gerundial sentences comes to end it may because the main sentence may need to be emphasized in order to indicate its importance.

"Gidiyor musun ?" dedi Fatma çekine çekine.

  Main sentence                      Gerundial sentence

" Are you going ?" said [asked] Fatma, shyly.[faintheartedly]

" Unutma " dedi Ali amca, yeğenine verdiği görevi hatırlatarak.

   Main  sentence                       Gerundial sentence

" Don´t forget " Uncle Ali said reminding his nephew the mission he gave him.

3. Middle position

In some cases, gerundial sentences are placed inside the main sentences. 

Bütün sınıf , öğretmen girince ayağa kalkmıştı.

                   Gerundial S.

The whole class got [stood] up when the teacher entered in.

Kediler, karanlık basar basmaz bahçede toplanırlar.

             Gerundial sentence

The cats gathers as soon as it gets dark.

-diğine göre

This gerundium conveys meaning of  "since + action "

ol+ duğuna göre

Herkes burada olduğuna göre derse başlayabiliriz.

Since every one is here we can start the lesson.

İşler bittiğine göre eve dönebiliriz.

Since the work[s] are done[finished] we can go home.

Telefona cevap vermediklerine göre dışardadırlar.

Since they don´t answer the phone they must be out.

Intensified Subjects

Subjects intensified by various conjunctions or reflexive pronoun [kendi]

Ben de tarih okudum. 

I also studied history.

Bu soruyu sen bile cevaplayabilirsin.

Even you can answer this question.

Gelip gelmeyeceğinize kendiniz karar verin.

You yourself make decision whether you will come or not.

 Davet etseydik o da gelebilirdi.

 If we invited [him], he also could have come.

 Ben kendim bu konuyla ilgileneceğim.

 I myself will deal with this subject.

Subjects with -den

Kek + den  

Kekten kalmadı.

There is nothing from the cake left. In other words, The [specific] cake is gone. Nothing left from it.

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kitap + dan 

Şu kitaptan var mı ? 

Literally, "Is there from this book ? "  In other words, Do you have this book ?

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telefon + dan

Bu model telefondan kalmadı.

This model of telephone is not left. In other words, This model of telephone is run out.

Subject - Predicate agreement in terms of affirmation/negation

* Sometimes when the subject is positive the predicate may be in negative :

Toplantıya  herkes  katılmadı.

                 Subject    Predicate

 Literally : Every one did not attend the meeting.

                 Positive          Negative

In proper translation that would be :

Not every one attended the meeting.

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 Bulaşıcı hastalık yüzünden öğrencilerin tamamı derse gelmedi.

                                         Subject /positive              Predicate/Negative

Because of contagious disease total number of students did not come to the class.

* If subject is formed of "kimse, hiçbiri, hiç kimse" then the predicate will be in positive.

Dört günden beri kimse   uğramadı buraya.

                          Subject   Predicate 

Literally  Nobody did not come here for 4 days.

In proper translation that would be ---> Nobody came here for 4 days.

* If " ne........ne " conjunction is used in a sentence, the predicate will be positive.

Sular ne yükselir ne alçalır.

The water neither rise nor descends.

 -mişti as present statement

"Ne aramıştınız ? Ne istemiştiniz , Ne demiştiniz? abandon their original tense and becomes [as you pointed out] " polite way of asking question in present tense"

Could I ask [you] what would you like to [have] ?

Could I ask [you] what is that you are looking for ?

Could I ask [you]  what have you said ?

  -LAR [LER] as exaggeration 

Sometimes plural suffix -lar [ler] is used in order to exaggerate the statement.

Ateşler içinde kıvranıyordu.

He/She was suffereing from having so much fever[s].

O gün dünyalar benim olmuştu.

That day as if the world[s] was mine. [I was so happy]

Kutular dolusu kitapları var.

He/She has full boxes of books. [so many books]

* Sometimes, the word "bir" may be added and gives the same meaning.

Bir çiçekler  var  görsen bayılırsın.

There are such flowers [ if you see them ] you will love them.

Bir zamanlar ne kadar huzurlu bir mahalleydi burası.

It was such peaceful neighbourhood here in old times. 

-lar [ler] as  approximation 

Sometimes, with couple of words, the plural suffix -lar [ler] can be used to indicate the approximation.

O zamanlar  6 yaşlarındaydı.

In those times, he/she was about [around, approximately] 6 years old.

1.80 boylarında sarışın bir kız.

A blonde girl who is about 1.80 tall.

-mekle beraber

 This combines two statements, can mean "yet, however,but,and "

Verb stem + makla beraber

Examples :

1)  Parası olmamakla beraber yine de mutluydu.

 He had no money, yet he was happy.

* Lack of money often destroys happiness, yet there may be certain  compensating factors along with the lack of money. We accept the situation. We see that the person is happy and we also know that he is poor.

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2) Yemekler pahalı olmakla beraber çok güzeldi.

 The food was expensive, but it was delicious.

* Above , we realize that the food was expensive, however it was delicious compensates for this.

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3) Yemekler pahalı olmamakla beraber çok güzeldi.

 The food wasn´t expensive and it was delicious.

* Here, we are faced contrary facts that cheap food is usually not good, yet it is in this case.

-ki

It can come on to nominal or genitive case of words and makes them adjective.

Sabah + ki  

Sabahki olaylar  ---> The events which happened in the morning

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 Duvarda  +  ki 

 Duvardaki resim ---> The picture that is on the wall.

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Kitapta + ki 

Kitaptaki örnekler  ---> The examples [which are ] in the book.

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 Dün + kü 

Dünkü yağmur  ---> Yesterday´s rain [ The rain that was yesterday]

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It can come onto nominal or genitive forms or locative -da , and makes pronouns.

Seninki 

Benim kardeşim geldi. Seninki de geldi mi ? 

My brother/sister came. Did yours come too ?

Çantadaki 

Çantadakini bana ver. 

Give me the one that is in the bag.

Masadakiler ---> The ones on the table

Masadakiler senin mi ? 

Are the ones on the table is yours ? 

Sınıftakiler  --->The ones in the class

Sizinki  ---> The one that is yours

Onunki ---> The one that is his/hers

Onlarınki ---> The one that is theirs