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Grammar notes
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40. |
03 Jun 2014 Tue 11:24 pm |
-dı
With some words the past tense suffix –dı loses its tense function and produces adjectives and nouns.
Miras + yedi -à Mirasyedi [ spendthrift, (someone) who squanders his wealth; who spends money like water ]
Şıp + sevdi -à Şıpsevdi [ person who falls in love very quickly ]k
Kül+ bastı --à Külbastı [ broiled meat, chop ]
İmam + bayıldı -à İmambayıldı [ A Turkish dish consisting of aubergines stuffed with an onion and tomato mixture]
Gece + kondu -à Gecekondu [ House put up quickly without proper permissions, shanty house ]
Kaptı + kaçtı --à Kaptıkaçtı [formerly minibus, stealing by snatching, a card game ]
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41. |
07 Jun 2014 Sat 03:39 pm |
Compound Sentences
Mainly 3 types of compound sentence forms in Turkish.
1. Compound sentence with conditional.
- Hava güzel olursa biz yarın dışarı çıkacağız.
Conditional
If the weather will be nice we will go out tomorrow.
Subordinate sentence is conditonal.
- Pazara gidersen biraz meyve al.
Conditional
If you go to the market, buy some fruits.
2. Compound sentence with –ki
- Görüyorum ki dersine çalışmıyorsun.
Subordinate
sentence
With ki
I see [I can see] that you are not studying.
- Biliyorum ki burada mutlu değilsin.
Subordinate
Sentence
With ki
I know that you are not happy here.
- Gelmedi ki göreyim.
I didn’t see him/her since he/she didn’t come.
- Ne yaptım ki bana böyle davranıyorsun ?
What did I do that [to make] you treat me like this ?
3. Compound sentences formed [in] one with in other.
- Buraya gel dedi. -à He/She said “come here”.
1 2
- Yarın gideceksin gibi hazırlan.-à Be prepared as if you are gonna go tomorrow.
1 2
- Beni gördü mü yanıma gelir.àHe/She comes [to me] whenever he/she sees me.
1 2
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42. |
19 Jun 2014 Thu 09:13 pm |
Postpositions that assign dative case to their complements.
kadar ---->
location , destination
Okula kadar koştum. ---> I run until the school.
time
Akşama kadar izin alamam. ---> I can not get a permission until the evening.
dek -->
Dün sabaha dek çalıştı.---> Yesterday, he/she worked untill the morning .
dair/ilişkin --->
conserning /about
Bu kitaba dair fazla bilgi bulamadım---> I couldn´t find enough info about [concerning] this book.
rağmen / karşın --->
Concession
Yaşına rağmen sağlığı çok iyi. ---> Despite his age, his health is in very good condition.
karşı --->
Contrariness, opposition
Seher´in fikrine karşı fikir belirtti. ----> He gave an opinion which is oppossing Seher´s view.
Responsibility
Çocuklarına karşı sorumlulukların var. ---> You have responsibilities for your children.
göre --->
According to
Okul müdürüne göre öğrenciler başarılı. ----> According to the principal, the students are successfull.
Comparison
Kızkardeşi Seher´e göre çok daha mutlu.----> Seher´s sister is much more happier than Seher.
Doğru --->
Place [Direction]
Pazara doğru yürüyelim. ---> Let´s walk towards the market.
Time
ilkbahara doğru doğa canlanır. ---> As the spring comes near, the nature revives.
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43. |
19 Jun 2014 Thu 10:33 pm |
Types of clauses
1. Single clause
Ben Orhan´ı pazarda gördüm. I saw Orhan in the market.
2. Two independent clauses
Ben Orhan´ı pazarda gördüm ve onunla konuştum. I saw Orhan in the market and [I] talked to him.
3. One dependent + One independent clause
Ben , [Orhan´ın pazara gittiğini ] gördüm. I saw Orhan going to the market.
Ben gördüm ---> independent clause Orhan´ın pazara gittiğini ---> dependent clause
4. One independent + two dependent clauses
Ben Orhan´ın pazardan aldığı elmayı yediğini gördüm. I saw Orhan eating the apple which he bought from the market.
Ben gördüm. ---> Independent clause Orhan´ın pazardan aldığı ---> dependent clause [Orhan´ın ] elmayı yediğini ----> dependent clause
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44. |
21 Jun 2014 Sat 01:17 am |
Headless Relative Clauses
There are relative clauses which the head noun is not mentioned. When the head noun is indefinite or non-referential, as in the examples below.
Even if the head noun is used, it must be either insan, kişi, kimse, biri, etc. depending on whether the intended head is a human or a thing.
Arayan soran var mı ? ---> Is there anyone who calls or asks ?
In the sentence above, the head ´´ biri ´´ [anyone] is deleted. Arayan soran [ biri / birileri ] var mı ?
-------------------------------------------------- Eryaman´da inecek var mı ? ---> Is there anyone who will get off at Eryaman ?
In the sentence above, the head ´´kimse´´ [anyone] is deleted.
Eryaman´da inecek [kimse] var mı ? ---------------------------------------------------
Son gülen iyi güler. Son gülen [kişi ] iyi güler.
* Headless relative clauses are also used when the head noun is obvious within the previous discourse or else it can be recovered from the situational context. Such as:
A: Hangi kitabı okumak istiyorsun ? ---> Which book do you want to read ?
B: Dün aldığımı okuyacağım. ---> I will read the one I bought yesterday.
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A : Bu akşam hangi elbiseni giyeceksin? ---> Which dress of yours will you wear tonight ?
B : Bu sabah sana gösterdiğimi giyeceğim. ----> I´ll wear the one I showed you this morning.
As a result, headless Relative Clauses are used when the head noun is not specific, or when the head is provided within the previous discourse or context of situation.
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45. |
21 Jun 2014 Sat 06:57 pm |
Nominal substitution:
It replaces nouns/noun phrases with one, ones,same [bir , bir tane, aynısı ]
Senin aldığın ceket güzelmiş. Ben de bir tane istiyorum.
The jacket you bought looks nice. I want one [as the same] too.
* bir tane is used as a substitute for ceket. ------------------------------------------
Mahir vişneli soda içiyor. Hasan da aynısından içiyor.
Mahir drinks soda with cherry. Hasan drinks same too.
* ´´aynısından´´ is used as a substitute for vişneli soda.
------------------------------------------- A. Kahve alayım. ---> I´ll have a coffee.
B. Ben de bir tane alayım. ---> I´ll have one too.
* bir tane is used as a substitute for kahve.
* BIr tane / aynısı etc.. are used to substitute the type denoted in the noun/noun phrases in the previous sentences.
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46. |
24 Jun 2014 Tue 10:35 pm |
´´ama´´ in the end of sentence
Sometimes , conjunction ´´ama´´ is used in the end of sentence just to draw an attention of the adressee.
- Bak kızarım ama! ----> Look I will be mad at you !
- Böyle söylersen darılırım ama! ---> If you say like this, I will be cross with you !
- Yarın gelirim, söz. ---> I promise I will come tomorrow.
- Gel ama ! ---> [You will ]come , ok ?---> [Make sure you come ! ]
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47. |
24 Jun 2014 Tue 11:45 pm |
Conjunctions of Summarizing
kısacası, demek ki, açıkçası, öyleyse, yani, özetle, o hâlde, anlaşılıyor ki
... Kısacası bu işi bir an önce bitirmeliyiz. ---> .... Briefly , we should finish this job as soon as possible.
... Demek ki ülke bu yüzden kalkınamıyor. ---> ... So, because of this, the country is not developing .
... Açıkçası bu işi istemiyorum. ---> Frankly speaking, I don´t want this job.
... Öyleyse gidelim arkadaşlar. ... If it is so ,friends [then] let´s go.
... Yani bundan sonra kimse bu konu hakkında konuşmasın. ... So, [in short, in other words] from now on, let nobody talk about this matter.
..... O halde Istanbul gezisini iptal etmek zorundayız. ..... In that case we have to cancel Istanbul trip.
.... Özetle bu ilacın yan etkileri saymakla bitmez.
.... In brief, this drug has countless side effects.
Edited (6/25/2014) by tunci
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48. |
25 Jun 2014 Wed 12:42 am |
-r suffix
-r suffix comes to some verbs and makes them noun or adjective.
Verb stem + [a,e,i,ı ]r
Oku + r yaz + ar --> Okur yazar [ the person who know how to read and write]
yaz + ar kasa ---> Yazar kasa [cash till]
bil + ir kişi---> Bilir kişi [expert witness]
gel + ir git + er ---> gelir gider [income and expense]
kes + er ---> keser [chipping hatchet ]
gül + er yüz ---> güler yüz [smiling face]
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49. |
30 Jun 2014 Mon 11:38 pm |
Certainty in the future
Using present continuous tense for future actions denote more certainity than using future tense. Since , the action we refer in the future in our mind -as if - already started [to happen] from NOW it sounds more certain to us.
1) Yarın sana geleceğim ---> I will come to you tomorrow.
2) Yarın sana geliyorum. ---> I am coming to you tomorrow.
In second sentence, it is more definite/certain that I am coming to you tomorrow.
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50. |
01 Jul 2014 Tue 01:40 am |
- mIş
-miş can be used to express amazement, admiration,suprise and things that you have just realized. Such as:
When you see your friend´s car first time and you like it, you can say to him/her :
- Araban çok güzelmiş ! ---> Your car looks very nice !
You are viewing a house and you find its rooms big , you can say :
- Odalar genişmiş ! ---> The rooms are big !
- Bak kim gelmiş ! ---> Look who has come !
Your friend bought new shoes and you think they are good deal :
- Ucuzmuş ! ---> They are cheap ! [good deal !]
You´ve just started to learn Turkish and you find Turkish difficult. You say to your friend
Türkçe zor bir dilmiş ! ---> [I have just realized that ] Turkish is a difficult language !
Sabah olmuş ! --> We [I] have just realized that it is [the night turned into] morning.
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