News articles, events, announcements |
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The Name of Istanbul
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70. |
17 Jul 2012 Tue 05:03 pm |
http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safiye_Sultan
http://blog.milliyet.com.tr/safiye-sultan-in-sirri----/Blog/?BlogNo=136409
Safiye Sultan´ın Sırrı
Safiye Sultan, originally Venetian Sofia Baffo began her career in Manisa harem. She soon became the crown prince’s favourite. When Murat III inherited the throne after his father died in 1574 one of the first things he ordered was to bring Safiye to Istanbul.
Safiye is described as a relatively negative character in the Ottoman history. After controlling his husband she continued to rule the whole country as Valide Sultan during the reign of her son. Mehmed III had to face some hard times before he acquired the throne of Ottoman Empire. For instance some sources say his 19 brothers had to be murdered first.
Mehmed’s mum was a wealthy woman.
İmparatorun en güçlü insanı oluverdi Safiye…Ondan habersiz tek bir tayin yapılmıyor, her atama için ona hediye adı altında rüşvet veriliyordu…Sadrazam Koca Sinan Paşa öldüğü vakit mirası 600.000 altın lira, 3.000.000 gümüş akçe, 29 çekmece elmas, 62 çekmece inci, 30 iri elmas ve kilolarca kıymetli taş, altın sofra takımları, zırhlar ve benzeleriydi. Tabii ki bu, devlet soyularak edinilmiş bir servetti. Safiye became the most important person in the Empire. Nothing was initiated without informing her, for every step bribery was paid for her in the name of a gift. When Grand Vizier Sinan Pasha died her heritage was 600.000 gold lira, 3.000.000 silver coins, 29 trunks of diamonds, 62 trunks of pearls, 30 huge diamonds and kilos of jewels, golden dinner sets and corselets and the like. Of course, this was property which had been robbed from the state.
When talking about successful women historians often see their greed and outrage in a worse light than greed and outrage of great men. How many princes Sultans ordered to be killed just because harem women intrigued them to do so? If a former concubine has ambitions are they always selfish and low?
(Malika Safiyya Mosque in Cairo)
Edited (7/17/2012) by Abla
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71. |
18 Jul 2012 Wed 02:03 pm |
A Western album offers a glimpse into outfits of Ottoman times
Palace musician - An Egyptian Arab woman
17 July 2012 / AYHAN HÜLAGÜ , İSTANBUL[todays zaman]
An album published for the first time in London in 1802 offers some important clues as to how the Ottomans organized themselves militarily, what their lifestyles were like and how foreigners viewed the Ottoman Empire.
Octavien Dalvimart arrived in Istanbul in 1789, where he was to produce 60 etchings reflecting various aspects of Ottoman lifestyle. In 1802, these etchings were collected in an album called “Costumes of Turkey,” published later in Turkey under the title “Osmanlı Köstümleri.”
The album dates from the era of Sultan Selim III, during a period in which efforts to Westernize Ottoman culture had picked up speed. The 60 etchings are accompanied by explanations in Turkish, English and French. Both the images and the text -- which offers information compiled from a number of different 17th and 18th century travelogues -- are very important. There are all sorts of important clues offered herein, relating not only to the military organization and lifestyle of the Ottomans, but also to foreigners’ perspectives on the culture as a whole. As for those who wonder why it is that such a work would have been done by a foreigner at that time, here is a small clue from a contemporaneous foreword to the album: “We know almost nothing about the Ottoman Empire, other than about the immenseness of its lands, or its geographical positioning. Some writers have believed the results of tired and superficial studies of the Ottomans in the past to be real, and have thus created imaginary ideas about the Ottomans which they thought to be true, offering these ideas up to us about Turkish religion, laws and customs.” So clearly, the goal of this old album was to try to understand the true Ottoman lifestyle. At the same time, however, it is not strictly correct to say that this artist was able to carry out a clear analysis of the time. In many parts of the text, a clearly Orientalist viewpoint emerges and is in fact emphasized.
The work is not only focused on the life and ways of the palace of Selim III. In fact, its spectrum is quite wide, casting light on everyone from the concubines and keepers of the harem to other notables who took their place in the complicated protocols and ways of the sultanate. There are also portraits of members of the learned classes as well as of Ottoman citizens who were Jewish, Greek, Armenian, Bedouin, Bosnian and Albanian. There is a glimpse offered of different ranks of the Janissaries. In short, these sketches and descriptions carry all the pageantry of the Ottoman world into the present day.
The ‘kapıcıbaşı’ at the doorways to the palace
The kapıcıbaşı were Ottoman officers who wore ceremonial clothing made from rich silks, with cuffs and lapels of valuable furs, not to mention plumes on their heads. They were men engaged in particular and distinguished service to the sultans. They were charged with bringing the sultan his bowstrings when he sent orders to do so, and when they walked with these bowstrings in hand they would meet with the utmost respect and fear from those who encountered them.
Palace musician
We often associate Janissary marching bands with the Ottomans, but one must not forget that the palace also had its own musicians. A musician is pictured in this album wearing the traditional outfit of his station. The instrument he is holding, a “tambur,” resembles a “zamane lirine,” or Spanish guitar, though with fewer strings and a longer handle.
A Turkish woman wearing
İstanbul-style clothing
Turkish women were seen on the streets of İstanbul dressed in this style. The “ferace,” a long, coat-like covering worn by Turkish women of the era, was generally made from green broadcloth. The long rectangular headscarf that would swing from their shoulders was made from quilted green silk. The beauty of Turkish, and in particular Circassian or Georgian, women was legendary, though Europeans maintained that their beauty was limited to their faces. It is interesting to note that their toenails and fingernails would be painted a shiny pink; this is supposedly a reference to Homer’s words about the “rosy-fingered dawn.”
Turk wrapped in a shawl
For Turks of higher positions in society, during certain periods, to be seen walking on foot around the streets of the city could cost them their dignity. Therefore, the preferred method of getting from place to place was on horseback. Some richer members of society would make a great show of outings, heading onto the streets accompanied by hundreds of servants, dressed in spectacular outfits. However, what we see in this plate is not in this category; Turks on foot in the city would dress this way.
Officer of the ‘iskemle’
The duty of this Ottoman officer was to escort the sultan on his outings. He was in charge of carrying around the “iskemle,” a small stool to assist the sultan to mount his horse with ease. So much pomp and display went into every act undertaken by the sultan that, as long as he was not in any sort of disguise, there was a constant retinue of people ready to jump to his service, observing the many intricate details of palace protocol.
A Turkish woman in a wedding gown
Here we see a bride wearing a long gown, her hair styled elegantly with flowers, pearls and jewels. In these times, weddings ceremonies could take place only on Thursday nights. On her actual wedding day, the bride would wear her very best outfit, all of her most valuable and precious jewelry. In terms of makeup, a bride would be wearing some blush and foundation, with brows and eyelashes blackened for contrast.
An Egyptian Arab woman
The women of Cairo would always cover their faces and their bodies with black cloth, and the richer the woman, the more generous the covering. The veil that covered the face was the most important aspect of the outfit, and would be the last thing removed by a woman. In Cairo, veils were always black, and always very large. Eastern women would wear shalwar (baggy trousers), and the poorest class of women in Egypt would generally have no outfit besides a blue robe and shalwar.
A Turkish woman from the İstanbul district of Pera
Here we see a Turkish woman from the district of Pera. According to ideas held by Europeans at the time, the beauty of such a woman would be limited only to her face. The foundation for such a belief is interesting: “When you combine their excessive use of hot hamams, their lifestyles and their strange habits of sitting, the elegance of their bodies is quite ruined. The cinches of Greek style they wear around their waists make their bodies appear quite awful.”
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72. |
27 Jul 2012 Fri 07:04 pm |
http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6sem_Sultan
http://www.tarihim.org/yazarlar/56-tarihimorg/584-osmanlda-kadn-sultanlar-koesem-sultan.html
A Woman Has to Do
What a Woman Has to Do
Crown Prince Ibrahim has locked himself into his room. There is obviously something going on in the palace and since the weak-headed Ibrahim has been continuously afraid of assassination for the last few years the voices make him restless. He hides his face in a pillow and mummers unintelligible words. Someone knocks the door:
- Ibrahim honey, open up, don’t be stupid again. - It’s his mother, the highly respected Mahpeyker Kösem Sultan, and her voice sounds excited. – Your brother is dead. Do you understand what it means? Ibrahim, listen to me, you are Sultan of the Empire.
Ibrahim feels dizzy. He rises up and sits down on his bed, rolls his eyes from side to side and then says:
- But I don’t want to be the Sultan, mum.
I don’t know if it actually was Kösem Sultan´s aim to be the undisputable ruler of the huge Empire longer than most of his male colleagues. She just had to. There were no capable men around. Even though her name is not on the list of Ottoman Sultans she was the one who stood behind her weak husband Ahmed I, her underaged son Murad IV, her mad son Ibrahim I and her grandson Mehmed IV who ascended to the throne at the early age of six.
Kösem Sultan ruled from behind the curtain, both figuratively and literally speaking. Her daughter-in-law Turhan Sultan finally won her in crookedness and had her strangled in 1651. She failed to acchieve her power, though, and the period of strong ladies in Ottoman was finished with Kösem Sultan.
Kösem managed to maintain a surprisingly good reputation in history:
Çok şefkatli olan Mahpeyker Sultan, çevresindeki fakirlere bir daha kimseye muhtaç kalmayacak şekilde yardım etmiştir. Her sene Receb-i Şerif ayında kıyafet değiştirip araba ile hapishanelere gider, borç yüzünden hapse düşünlerin borçlarını ödeyerek onları hapisten kurtarmıştır. Katiller hariç bütün mahkûmlara yardım elini uzatmıştır. Mahpeyker Sultan who was a very compassionate person used to help the poor around her in a way that they never became needy again. Every year during the holy month of Rajab she changed her outfit and took a carriage to prisons. She paid the debts of those who had ended up in prison because of debts. She gave her helping hand to all prisoners except murderers.
Edited (7/27/2012) by Abla
Edited (7/27/2012) by Abla
Edited (7/27/2012) by Abla
Edited (7/27/2012) by Abla
Edited (7/27/2012) by Abla
Edited (7/28/2012) by Abla
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73. |
05 Aug 2012 Sun 05:44 pm |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_era
http://www.turkvedunyatarihi.com/kategorisiz/koprululer-donemi-ve-bu-donemin-onemi.html
Köprülüler
When the Sultanate of Women was finished it was time for the Köprülü family to be at the helm of the Empire. The Albanian origin Köprülü Mehmed Pasha, Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha and Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha exercised control in the country for fifty years.
It was during Köprülü era that the Ottomans had to turn back from the gates of Vienna in 1683.
Most of the Köprülü time the Sultan’s name was Mehmed IV. He got the nickname Avcu because he was busy with his outdoor activities. His greatest achievement was to nominate talented grand viziers and not to interfere too much in their work. “Why don’t you just move to Edirne to carry on your hobby in peace” the new grand vizier suggested to him and he answered in the affirmative.
The old Köprülü was in an excellent bargaining position when Valide Sultan Turhan Hatice asked him for the job. Köprülü Mehmet’s conditions were as follows:
1- Raporları geri çevrilmeyecek. His reports are not to be turned back. 2- Yapacağı atama, rütbe ve azillere hiç kimse karışmayacak. No one will interfere with his assignments, promotions or nominations. 3- Kendisi hakkında bir şikayet olduğu zaman padişah kendisini dinlemeden karar vermeyecek. When there was a complaint about him the Sultan makes no decisions without listening to him. 4- Sarayda hiç kimse devlet işlerine karışmayacaktı. No one in the Palace was to poke his or her nose into state affairs.
Köprülü Mehmed Paşa (1656-61)
For the country, Köprülü era ment regaining vigor after a long dormancy. Ottoman Empire expanded its frontiers to their furthest reach.
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74. |
15 Aug 2012 Wed 02:23 pm |
http://derinsular.com/yakin-tarih-1-lale-devri/
http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2le_Devri
Hollandalılar sizin hiç Lale devriniz oldu mu?
I always felt there was something unusual about the naming Lale devrisi (1718-30 ). Nations as a rule use other kind of criteria when distinguishing their historical periods: names of rulers and politicians, status of state, war and peace, economic factors etc. Why tulips?
Zira Cumhuriyet döneminde yetişen nesiller, çok önemli gelişmelerin yaşandığı bu 12 yıllık dönemi, ülkenin içinde bulunduğu zor şartlara rağmen zevk ü sefa içinde yaşanılan, laleler konusunda tuhaf bir takıntının söz konusu olduğu bir dönem olarak tanıyorlar. That is because those generations which have been risen up during the Republic know these 12 years as a period which in spite of the hard conditions in the country ment leading life of pleasure and a period which had an odd connection with the tulip subject.
Tulip Era was a period during the long reign of Ahmed III. Grand Vizier Nevşehirli Damad Ibrahim Pasha was a central character in the Ottoman Court. Improving trade relations with Europe was in his interest.
Burada dikkat edilmesi gereken nokta, III. Ahmed ve Damad İbrahim Paşa’nın reform adına Batıya dönerek, herhangi bir zorlayıcı neden olmadan, kendi kararlarıyla çareyi Batıda aramış olmalarıdır. What we should pay attention to here is Ahmed III´s and Damad Ibrahim Pasha´s turning to the West, with their own decision, without being forced by anyone, and the fact that they began to look for solutions in the West.
There was an unusual internal peace and prosperity in the Empire. Instead of soldiers Ottomans began to send ambassadors to Europe. Big changes took place in the society, in the army and in people’s attitudes. Tulip period saw flowering of arts, poetry and architecture which was influenced by the European rococo. The first Ottoman printing press was established. Translated foreign literature was published. People began to ask for new products: paper and textile fabrics were built.
Now we come to the tulip question. Because the reforms of the Tulip era concerned so many fields of life and civilization in general, the only thing that symbolizes them all is the tulip:
Zira bu dönemde üretilen her eserde, resimlerde, kumaşlarda, çinilerde, ebrularda, tezhiplerde ve şiirlerde lale var. That is because during this era the tulip was there in every work of art, in paintings, fabrics, chinaware, marbling, ornamenting and poems.
Lale devrisi ended with a stupid revolt. Ahmed III was forced to abdicate. Later historians have not really done justice to the great achievements of this short period of time:
Laleyi çok sevdik ve sevdiğimiz çok şey gibi öldürdük. We loved the tulip a lot and we killed her just like many other things we have loved.
Edited (8/15/2012) by Abla
Edited (8/15/2012) by Abla
Edited (8/15/2012) by Abla
Edited (8/15/2012) by Abla
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75. |
16 Aug 2012 Thu 04:28 am |
All these started from a simple queston as to where the name Instanbul come from? WOW. Here you go.
When pilgrims where asked - wher are you going? - the answer was
is-tin-poli = Istanbul
to the city
Now you know
Have fun kids and play nice
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76. |
23 Aug 2012 Thu 08:32 am |
http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII._Karl
http://pelatros.blogspot.fi/2012/03/gecen-gun-blogun-facebook-sayfasndan-ne.html
http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabaliken-i_Bender
Demirbaş Şarl, the Troublesome Guest
Who was the foreign king who in 1709 after a lost war was granted an asylum by Sultan Ahmed III, who continued to rule his country from the territory of Ottoman Empire for five years, who incited a war between the Turks and Russia and who was even called with a Turkish nickname? He was king Charles XII of Sweden.
Charles XII (1682-1718) was only fifteen when he assumed power. He spent half of his short life in battlefields. He was an exceptionally skilled military leader and a tactician. His player’s eye was very much needed during his exile in the Ottoman Empire where he had to escape after the disaster of Poltava in the Great Northern War where Sweden was badly beaten by Russia. While staying under the protection of the Ottomans Charles didn’t give up but continued causing disorder in the Russian border with his troups and used all his connections in order to turn Istanbul against Moscow as well.
The Sultan finally had enough of Charles’s solo performances in Bender, Moldova and ordered him a home arrest in Edirne. Charles did not leave voluntarily:
Bender Çatışması olayları 31 Ocak 1713´te Türk topçuların İsveç kampına ateş açmasıyla başladı. 1 Şubat günü ise Osmanlı güçleri kampa saldırdı. Kamptan yanında bir grup askerle kaçan Karl´ın saklandığı ev Türk askerler tarafından top ateşi ve ateşli oklar ile ablukaya alındı. Binayı terketmek zorunda kalan İsveç Kralı ve askerler Türkler tarafından yakalanarak esir alındı. The events of Skirmish at Bender began on the 31st of January 1713 when the Turkish bombardiers opened a fire against the Swedish camp. On February 1st Ottoman forces attacked the camp. Next to the camp the house where Charles had escaped with a group of soldiers was blockaded with gun fire and fire darts. The Swedish King and the soldiers who were forced to leave the building were caught and held captive.
In Swedish the historical event is called Kalabaliken i Bender. The soldiers took the word kalabalık as a souvenir from Ottoman lands and it is still used in Swedish and Finnish meaning ‘confusion, disorder’. During his stay in Edirne King Charles paid attention to Turkish naval vessels. They functioned as models for the Swedish ships Jilderim (< yıldırım) and Jarramas (< yaramaz).
The King’s nickname was not quite as flattering as it may sound. Charles was called “the Fixture” because his debts to the Ottomans were affirmed against immovable property. Demirbaş Şarl died before he payed his debts. Ottoman ambassadors were sent to exact the money from Sweden. This was the start of diplomatic relations between the two countries.
Edited (8/23/2012) by Abla
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77. |
04 Sep 2012 Tue 10:11 am |
http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeni%C3%A7eri_Oca%C4%9F%C4%B1
http://osmanli-devleti1299.tr.gg/osmanli-yeniceriler.htm
Kaşık kardeşliği
The Janissary system was as old as the Sultanate. Janissaries used to be the elite troops of Ottoman army. They were straight under the command and protection of the Sultan. They were not very active in military campaigns but they were regarded as protectors of the throne and the court.
The first Janissaries were brought from Balkan countries within the devşirme system:
Askere alınacak çocuklar, Osmanlı uyruğunda olan Hristiyan halktan alınacaktı…Bu çocuklar Türk ailelerin yanlarına verilerek İslamiyeti, Türkçe’yi, Türk örf ve adetlerini öğrendikten ve sünnet edildikten sonra acemi ocağına alınırdı. Burada belli bir süre eğitim gördükten sonra yeniçeri ocağına kayıt olurlardı. Bu devşirmelerin evlenmeleri ve askerlik sanatından başka bir işle meşgul olmaları yasaktı. The children who were to be taken into military service were brought from those Christian nations who were vasals to the Ottomans. These children were given to Turkish families and taken to beginner’s divisions after they had learned Islam, Turkish language, Turkish customs and habits and after they had been circumcised. Having been educated there for a certain time they were registered to the Janissary organization. It was forbidden for these devshirme men to get married or occupy themselves with any other profession than the army.
In the early years janissaries were real comerades-in-arms: they lived under severe discipline, shared the same fate, lived in barracks, slept side by side and ate from the same stewpot. The commander of the battalion was called çorbacı. There was a place for a spoon in the Janissary hat. It was practical but it also symbolized their mutual brotherhood.
But times they change - Janissary system corrupted and grew in power until in the end it became enemy of the state nr 1 and had to be rooted out.
Rejecting the original principles and turning towards unsoldierlike activities was the main reason for the Janissary system’s demise. Janissaries were allowed to marry, they had their own businesses. Their amount increased radically and many Janissaries had nothing to do with soldier life. Janissaries revolted several times, blackmailed Sultans to maintain their privileges. For instance, they killed the 18-year-old Osman II who wanted to reorganize the army.
Ayrıca yeniçerilerin değişiklik yapmak isteyen devlet adamları ve padişahları görevlerinden etmeleri yada onları öldürmeleri ve ya istedikleri her şeyi çıkardıkları isyanlar sonucu devlete kabul ettirmeleri yeniçerilerin devlet yönetiminde ne derece etkili olduğunu göstermektedir. The way Janissaries forced reformative statesmen and Sultans retire or killed them as well as well as the way they by rebelling made the state agree about everything they wanted - that shows how powerful the Janissaries were in the management of the country.
The once honourable Janissary movement, now more resembling an outlaw gang survived until the 19th century when Sultan Mahmud II carefully planned its extinguisment as a part of important reforms in the country. People were tired of them anyway: the occasion was an important landmark in Ottoman history and it was called vaka-i hayriye, ‘the Auspicious Incident’.
Edited (9/4/2012) by Abla
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78. |
11 Sep 2012 Tue 03:48 pm |
http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Petro_%28Rusya%29
http://vedat.akcayoz.net/yazilarim/tekilkonular/delipetronunvasiyeti.html
Rusya’nın Deli Petro´su
In every language the epithet of the Russian czar Peter I is “Great”. Peter the Great, who reigned forty two years at the turn of 18th century. His most remarkable colleague in the Ottoman Empire of those days was Ahmed III (the tulip Sultan, remember?).
In Turkish, though, Peter I is called Deli Petro.
Peter the Great had a great vision. He wanted to open his country to both Baltic Sea and Black Sea. There were two obstacles: Sweden in the North and Ottoman Empire in the south. He established St. Petersburg on an impossible swamp at the head of the Gulf of Finland. He had a special interest for naval forces. He travelled in Western Europe in order to gather allies for the crucial fight against Ottoman Empire. During his 18-month trip he gained expertese in seamanship and sea battles. The czar returned to Russia full of enthusiasm, wanting to modernise his backward empire.
Russia and the Ottomans were in a series of wars during four centuries. The Pruth River Campaign in 1711 was a success for Turks but while Sultan Ahmet III was busy with other issues he didn’t take the chance of marching towards Moscow. Anyway, a fragile peace between the two countries lasted for 25 years.
In Europe, “Russia card” is often brought to the table in order to create enemy images. A great example of Russophobic texts is the so called will of Peter the Great which describes how the czar advices his followers to content themselves with nothing less than ruling the whole world. The Turkish article which I read also takes Peter’s will - probably a forgery - very seriously. Russia wants Istanbul, the author claims:
Şüphesiz ki İstanbul’a sahip olan Şah, dünyada ilahi şah olacaktır. Without doubt, the king who controls Istanbul will be the heavenly king on Earth.
A crazy emperor indeed, we say. But as a matter of fact the reason Peter I was called Deli by Turks was not his megalomany. Actually the opposite: those who saw him studying ship construction were amazed because the czar of all Russia accepted to work in such humble and unimportant positions on the vessels.
Edited (9/11/2012) by Abla
Edited (9/20/2012) by Abla
[A possessive suffix was missing from the headline and no one corrected me until I noticed it myself after a month. =O]
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79. |
20 Sep 2012 Thu 02:01 pm |
http://www.ehlisunnetbuyukleri.com/Osmanli-Hikayeleri-Detay-III_OSMAN_HAN_VE_ISTANBULUN_YENIDEN_IMARI-351.aspx
http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._Osman
http://www.boxerdergisi.tv/haberdetay.asp?news_id=4893
İstanbul’un Dehşet Yılı
Year 1755 was a hard one for Istanbul. The city was afflicted by both ice and fire.
Sultan Üçüncü Osman’ın tahta çıktığı 1755 kışı çok şiddetli geçti. Haliç dondu ve deniz yol oldu. The year 1755 when Sultan Osman III acceded to the thrown the winter was very harsh. The Golden Horn froze and the sea became a road.
(Searching the web reveals that at least freezing of the Bosphorus and people walking on ice in Istanbul belong to city legends and and even though hard winters have been documented historians have probably exaggerated them. Anyway, some say the last time the Bosphorus froze in Istanbul was in 1954, not so far away.)
Every respectable city has changed into smoking ruins at some point of its history, so has Istanbul:
Bu sırada İstanbul târihinin en büyük yangını oldu. 28 Eylül 1755’te Hocapaşa semtinde çıkan yangın, dört kola ayrılarak büyük bir âfet hâline geldi. At the same time the biggest fire of the history of Istanbul took place. The fire which started in Hocapaşa neighbourhood diverged into four sections and caused a disaster.
Only one year later, fire broke loose again, and three fourths of Istanbul burned into ashes.
Reconstruction after catastrophes often activates the community. Even though Osman III’s reign was very short he left some landmarks behind. He had the baroque style Nuruosmaniye Cami completed and initiated İhsaniye Cami in Ûsküdar. And of course building a mosque on those days also meant building many other services next to it - from libraries and schools to public soup kitchens.
Edited (9/20/2012) by Abla
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80. |
28 Sep 2012 Fri 11:15 pm |
http://artebru.blogcu.com/osmanli-resim-sanati-minyatur/5909277
http://www.felsefeekibi.com/sanat/sanatalanlari/sanat_alanlari_osmanli_minyaturu_klasik_sonrasi.html
http://yalpturk.blogcu.com/levni-abdulcelil-celebi/1150416
Nakkaş Levni
Ottoman miniature art had its roots in the nomadic times. It was influenced by Persian and Chinese traditions. Artists didn’t always enjoy freedom of expression in the Empire:
İslam akidesinde insan sureti çizilmesi ve heykel yapmak Allah ile boy ölçüşmek gibi algılanmış ve ressamın kimliği çoğu zaman gizli kalmıştır. In the Islamic faith drawing a picture of a human being and making a statue is perceived as competing with Allah, and often the artist’s name was kept a secret.
Miniature painting took a step forward in Fatih Sultan Mehmet’s era. Its classical period can be dated to the reign of Suleiman the Magnificient. The most mature miniatures come from the period of Murad III and young Osman II. The last great miniatyrist, Levni alias Abdülcelil Çelebi, created his masterpieces during the Tulip era.
Çelebi was born in Edirne where he began his career. He was given the nickname Levni ‘colorful’. Levni was also known as a poet and a musician. He painted the portraits of 22 Sultans. Unfortunately the original works have not remained until today. Levni’s most important work, the series Surname-i Vehbi which tells the story of Palace circumcision festivals, is still kept in the library of Topkapi Palace. Levni is praised for his natural compositions, sensitive use of colors and special talent in describing joy of life.
Padişahın badem gözleri, kemerli burnu, koyu sakalı, uzun yüzü, zarif duruşu ve bakışı gerçekçi bir portre olduğunu gösterir. The Sultan’s (Ahmed III) almond eyes, Roman nose, his thick beards, long face, elegant pose and glance show that it is a realistic portrait.
Şehzade düğünlerine oyuncular, hünerli kişiler, fişek ustaları, yazarlar, ressamlar, alim ve şairler katılırdı. Actors, jugglers, firework masters, writers, painters, scholars and poets attended the circumcision festivals of the princes.
Levni´s woman figures broke the earlier tradition:
Levni’nin minyatüre getirdiği en önemli değişiklik kadını erkekler arasındaki silik yaşamın dışına taşıyarak kadını tek başına elinde çiçekle, otururken, uyurken, yatarken ve enstrüman çalarken minyatürleri ile eserlerinde işlemiştir. The biggest difference Levni brought to the miniatyr was taking the woman out of the faceless life among men and presenting her alone: a flower in her hand, sitting, sleeping, lying, playing musical instruments.
Edited (9/28/2012) by Abla
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