-ki

It can come on to nominal or genitive case of words and makes them adjective.

Sabah + ki  

Sabahki olaylar  ---> The events which happened in the morning

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 Duvarda  +  ki 

 Duvardaki resim ---> The picture that is on the wall.

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Kitapta + ki 

Kitaptaki örnekler  ---> The examples [which are ] in the book.

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 Dün + kü 

Dünkü yağmur  ---> Yesterday´s rain [ The rain that was yesterday]

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It can come onto nominal or genitive forms or locative -da , and makes pronouns.

Seninki 

Benim kardeşim geldi. Seninki de geldi mi ? 

My brother/sister came. Did yours come too ?

Çantadaki 

Çantadakini bana ver. 

Give me the one that is in the bag.

Masadakiler ---> The ones on the table

Masadakiler senin mi ? 

Are the ones on the table is yours ? 

Sınıftakiler  --->The ones in the class

Sizinki  ---> The one that is yours

Onunki ---> The one that is his/hers

Onlarınki ---> The one that is theirs

dışarı

This word is formed of  suffix -Arı  [ in old Turkish it was -garu suffix]

dış + arı 

It takes case endings according to context.

In nominal form 

Biz dışarı çıktık. ---> We went out [outside].

Accusative 

Biz dışarıyı seviyoruz.  ---> We love outside.

Dative 

Biz dışarıya çıkıyoruz.  ---> We are going [to] out[side].

* Note that, nominal form can be replaced with dative.

 Biz dışarı çıkıyoruz. ---> We are going outside.

Locative 

Biz dışarıda oturuyoruz.  ----> We are sitting [in] out[side].

Ablative

Biz dışarıdan geliyoruz.  ----> We are coming from outside.

* Possessive form is used especially with Noun Sentences when to describe outside.

Dışarısı  soğuk. ---> It is cold outside.

Dışarısı  yağmurlu. ---> It is rainy outside.

Reduplications ending with -li [lı] / lu [lü]

* This obeys the vowel harmony rule.

Boy + lu   bos + lu

Boylu  boslu ----> Tall and well-developed.

Güçlü  kuvvetli --->Very strong and healty.

İrili  ufaklı  ---> large and small

Yolda irili ufaklı birçok köy gördüm. ---> I have seen large and small many villages on the way.

Küçüklü büyüklü ---> small and big

Küçüklü büyüklü bütün aile bize geldiler.  ---> Small ones and big ones the whole family came to us. In other words, small members and old members of the family , they all came to us.

Erkekli  kadınlı  ---> both men and woman 

Erkekli kadınlı toplanmışlar. ----> They gathered both men and women.

Gizli saklı  ---> hidden, secret [ly]

Gizli saklı bir iş çeviriyorlar---> They are doing something secretly.  

  Double possessive

In Turkish, we don´t double a suffix.  However, there is some exceptions such as in the following words :

1) biri --> some /one of    

here, "i" is already possessive mark, we added another one "i"  "birisi"

biri = birisi  -----------> someone.

Biri geldi =  Birisi geldi.

Someone came.

2) kimi = kimisi  ----> some [people]

   As pronoun, they can be used interchangeably :

   Kimi okulu bitirdi kimi bitiremedi. = Kimisi okulu bitirdi kimisi bitiremedi.

   Some finished school, some couldnt.

    As an adjective they can NOT be used interchangeably :

    kimi insanlar ---> some people

    however,

    kimisi  insanlar    we can NOT say "kimisi insanlar"

In those words as if the first possessive is forgotten and added another one.

The reason of doubling possessive in those words possibly because to strengthen the possessiveness.

 Possessive before plural

In some words, 1st and 2nd singular possessive suffix  comes before plural suffix -lar/-ler.

It acts as -gil suffix.

Anne + n + ler ----> Your mother´s 

Annenlere gidelim. --->Let´s go to your mother´s. [Let´s visit your mother and her household ]

Annenler = Annengil 

Dede + m + ler ----> My grandfather´s [My grandfather´s house/family]

Dedemler = Dedemgil

Babamlar = Babamgil

Teyzenler = Teyzengil

Amcamlar = Amcamgil

Halanlar  = Halangil

-n as an auxiliary sound

After 3th person possessive suffix which ends with a vowel, always the auxiliary sound -n comes. This auxiliary sound always existed in Turkish.

evi + n + e 

evi ---> his/her house

evine --> to his/her house

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orta --->  middle

ortası ----> its middle [the middle of it ]

ortası  + n + dan 

ortasından  ----> from the middle of  it

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çay   ---> tea

çayı ---> his/her tea

çayı + n+ ın ---> of his/her tea

çayının rengi ---> the colour of his/her tea

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bilgisayar ---> computer

bilgisayarı -----> his/her computer

bilgisayarı + n + da 

bilgisayarında ---> in his/her computer

-ici, ıcı, ucu, ücü

This suffix existed since old times and quite productive and functional. It makes nouns out of verbs.

Verb stem + ıcı /ici/ ucu/ücü

Yap -à stem of  the verb “yapmak”

Yap + ıcı

Sat  [sell]

Kal [stay , remain]

Bul [find]

Geç -à Pass

Oku [read]

Oku + y + ucu

Yüz  [swim]

Bak [look, look after]

Bakıcı [carer]

Some verbs become  noun by taking verbal-noun suffix. And they are no longer verbal-noun.

1) Anneannemin biber dolması çok lezzetli.-à My grandmother’s stuffed pepper is very delicious.

2) Ali, kovanın dolması için bekliyordu. --à Ali was waiting for the bucket getting filled.

In the first sentence, dolma is a noun. Biber dolması à stuffed pepper

In the second sentence  dolma refers an action which functions as a verbal noun. Kovanın dolması -à the bucket’s getting filled

Other examples :

- Bu tartışmadan kimse fayda görmedi.  --à Nobody gained any benefit from this argument.

- Apartmanın çıkışı buradan.  --à The exit of  building is here. [from here]

Çıkış as a verbal noun means -àleaving, exiting

But here , it means a noun “exit”

- Apartmandan çıkışı uzun sürdü. -à His/Her leaving the building took long time.

Here, it is verbal-noun as it refers an action.

Adverbs of manner derived from adjectives.

This kind of adverbs are formed of  diminutive adjectives +  –ca, -casına

İyice dinlen. -à Get a good rest.

Bana olayı kısaca anlattılar.  -à They told me the event briefly.

Masayı  sertçe ileri itti. -à He pushed forward the table harshly [rigorously]

Beni görünce delicesine sevindi. -à When he/she saw me, he/she got delighted madly.

Böyle/ Şöyle/ Öyle

When markers of smilarity böyle/ şöyle/ öyle [Such] modify nouns they become attributive adjectives, and  when they modify verbs  they become adverbs.

-        Bu iş böyle gitmez.

 This thing does not go in this way.

-        Başını şöyle salladı.

He/She shook his/her head like this.

-        Başka çare olmayınca ben de öyle yaptım.

 Since there was no any other choice I made so.

Anastrophe sentence forms in Noun Clauses.

We come across sentences wherein the usual word order is inverted. To identify inverted sentence we simply look at the position of predicate in the sentence. If the predicate is in unusual place [in the begining or in the middle of the sentence] then the sentence can be called as "inverted sentence".

inversion in noun clauses ;

proper form [the predicate is in the end of the sentence] SOV

O öğrenci bugün sınıftaydı ---> That pupil today was in the class .

                      Predicate

Inverted form [the predicate is in the middle of the sentence]

O öğrenci sınıftaydı    bugün.  ---> That pupil was in the class today.

              Predicate     

Inverted form [the predicate is in the begining of the sentence]

Sınıftaydı    o öğrenci bugün.  ---> In the class was that pupil today.

 Predicate