Noun compounds that denotes the resemblance instead of  posssessing.

Some noun compounds denotes the resemblance between the head [determinant] and the determinated. We call those type of  noun compounds as " Compounds of resemblance" [Benzerlik bildiren Tamlamalar, İzafet-i Teşbihiyye ]

Such as ;

Sigara böreği ----> Cigarette Pastry.

This compound in a possesive form, however it does NOT denotes the possesiveness.

It denotes the resemblance , resemblance of börek. The shape of pastry is in a cigarette shape. So, because it is in that shape, it is called ´cigarette pastry´.

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Parmak üzümü  ----> Finger grape

Again, this type of grape resembles to finger by its shape. [long]

That´s why it is called finger grapes. There is no  possesiveness here whereas there is a resemblance [type of grape that is in finger shape lenghtwise]

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some other examples ;

ekmek ayvası

deve  dikeni

deve  kuşu

kalkan  balığı

tayyare böceği

kol  böreği

keten helvası

tespih böceği

-Acak  Oldu

This construction  is used in daily language when the action in the past was intended to happen but it somehow didn´t happen.

Verb stem + Acak oldu + Personal suffix

Gel          + ecek  oldu   +  m 

Dün dışarı çıkacak oldum [ki] yağmur [yağmaya] başladı.

Yesterday I intended to go out but it started to rain.

[I intented to go out but because of rain it didn´t happen. In other words, I didn´t go out because of rain]

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Sabah hastaneye gidecek oldum [ki] arabam bozuldu.

In the morning, I intended to go to the hospital but my car broke down.

[ I intended to go to the hospital this morning but I couldn´t because my car broke down.]

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-dIydI 

This form is very rarely used in daily language [verbal language] which is very close to -mIştI form.

Verb stem + dI + y + dı + Personal suffix

Yap         + tı   + y + dı    +   m

Bu sabah kahvaltı yaptıydım.

I had had my breakfast this morning.

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Geçen yaz İngilizce kursuna gittiydi.

He/She had gone to English course last summer.

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Dün ona telefon ettiydik.

We had phoned him yesterday.

The suffix -Anak [ enek]

This suffix comes onto some verbs and alter them into nouns.

gel +  enek ---> gelenek ---> tradition

gör + enek  ---> görenek  ----> custom

seç + enek ----> seçenek -----> option

yet + enek ----> yetenek ------> talent, skill

ol  + anak -----> olanak  --------> resource, opportunity

öde + enek -----> ödenek --------> allowance, fund

After reading this, I looked at the Istanbul forecast (İstanbul´dayım) and saw

sağanaklar (heavy showers)

was there any connection with sağmak?

Absolutely Henry. It is derived from the Mongolian Verb "şagi" [ to rain heavily]

I was trying to understand the difference between gelecektim and gelecek oldum. It must be that gelecektim has a wider (more grammatical) meaning according to the context. It is the usual verb form in the apodosis following an if clause for instance...

-Ar  Oldu

This is another form that  is rarely used. It is used when to express the habit that we didn´t have before but we just gained and we still have it.

Verb Stem + Ir [ir,er,ar,ur,ür] + oldu + Personal suffix

gör           +     ür            +        oldu     +      m

görür  oldum

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Geceleri  kabuslar görür  oldum.

I started to see nightmares  in the nights.

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Gün geçtikçe buraya alışır oldum.

As time passes, I started to getting used to here.

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Sabahları erken uyanır oldu.

He/She  started to waking up early in the mornings.

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Bu sıralar seni çok özler oldum.

I started to missing you alot nowadays.

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Subordinate clauses that comes after Main clause verb.

Sometimes subordinate clauses comes after a group of main verb [ Korkmak, Ummak, Zannetmek, Sanmak, Tahmin etmek]

After the main verb , "ki" can come.

Korkarım  [ki]  ona haksızlık ettik.

Main Clause Verb   [ki]  Subordinate clause

[ I am afraid [that] we were unfair to him/her]

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Umarım [ki] yanlış bir karar vermedik.

I hope [that] we did not make a wrong decision.

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Sanırım  [Sanıyorum] [ki] Türkiye´ye ilk defa geliyorsunuz.

I think [that] it´s first time that you are coming to Turkey.

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Tahmin ederim [ki] yarın hava güzel olacak.

I guess [that] the weather is going to be nice tomorrow.

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Note that ;

* The main clause verb must in either Aorist  or  Present Continuous tense.

   [ Umarım - Umuyorum ] , [ Sanırım - Sanıyorum], [Zannederim-Zannediyorum]

* This form requires Subject to be "first singular person" 

    Korkarım, Sanırım, Umarım, Zannederim, Tahmin ederim

These ki constructions sound very beautiful to my ear because they break the usual array of words and change the rhythm of speech.