Yarım 

Yarım + Noun 

Yarım saat  - Half an hour

Yarım kilo - Half a kilo 

Yarım elma - Half apple [One half of an apple]

Yarım iş - Half work [ One half of a job ]

Yarım gün - Half day 

Yarım gün çalışıyorum. ---> I work half of the day which means, I finish work at noon starting from early morning finishing at noon. 

Yarım + Verb 

Yarım  bırakmak - leaving a job or something unfinished / uncompleted.

İşi yarım bırakma - Don´t leave the job unfinished.

Yarım kalmak -  Something left unfinished for some reason

Otelin yapımı yarım kaldı. ---> The hotel´s construction is left unfinished.

Yarı + Adjective 

Yarı  açık - Half open

Yarı açık mekanlarda sigara içilebilir. ---> Smoking is allowed in half open places.

Yarı açık cezaevi - Semi open prison

Yarı kapalı stadyum - Semi -closed stadium.

Yarı baygın - Half conscious 

Adam sokakta yarı baygın şekilde yatıyordu. ---> The man was lying half-conscious on the street.

Noun + genetive   Yarı + possessive 

Karpuz + un     yarı + sı

Karpuzun  yarısı - Half of a watermelon

Evin yarısı - Half of the house

Paranın yarısı - Half of the money

Günümün yarısı - Half of my day

Yarı yarıya - Fifty fifty

Hadi onu yarı yarıya bölüşelim.- Let´s share it fifty fifty

Yarı yarıya şans - Fifty fifty chance

Some repetitive forms

Uslu uslu  --> in well-behaved  [quite, good, not causing trouble] manner. Generally said to kids.

Burada uslu uslu otur ve beni bekle --> Sit here quitely and wait for me.

güzel güzel --> finely, calmly , properly

Valla her şeyi güzel güzel anlattı.  He /She told everything calmy and properly. 

salak salak ---> silly, stupidly

Salak salak  konuşma ---> Don´t talk stupidly 

kara kara --> anxiously or slightly afraid [ This repetition is used with  "düşünmek" ]

Oturmuş kara kara düşünüyordu. ---> He/She was sitting and thinking anxiously.

koşa koşa ---> eagerly, with great eagerness. It is used with the verb "gitmek, gelmek"

Bu haberi duyunca koşa koşa gelecek buraya. -->  He/She will come here so eagerly when he/she hears this news.

Kediyi çağırınca koşa koşa yanıma geldi.  --> When I called the cat, it came to me so eagerly and quickly.

kuru kuru --> tastless, dry. Something is missing, so the person demands something else with it.

Çay kuru kuru gitmiyor à  By saying this the person demanding something more that goes with çay. Something to eat such as "kek, piskevüt "

Say, you are in a café with your friend sitting a while and drinking nothing. You turn to your friend and saying

 “ Böyle kuru kuru oturacağız mı ? Haydi çay içelim. ”  à Are we gonna sit like this and drinking nothing ? Let’s have a tea. 

Dative group

Noun + dative [a,e]    Noun/Adjective

can + a yakın  -à cana yakın = [Literally close to life] meaning “ Someone who is “friendly, warm hearted”

Ayşe çok cana yakın bir arkadaştır. -à Ayşe is very friendly and warm hearted friend.

baş + a  bela -à başa  bela = [ Literally trouble to  head] meaning  “someone whom we consider “pain in the neck ” or “trouble maker”

için + e  kapanık -à içine kapanık [ Literally, closed to inside ] meaning “ Someone who is a quite and reserved person”

dil + e kolay -à dile kolay  [Literally, easy to tounge] this is used to describe something that is easy to say but difficult to bear and make it.

Dile kolay, ben sigarayı bırakalı 15 yıl geçmiş ! -à Easy to say it , imagine  it ’s been 15 years since I quit smoking !

diller + e destan -à dillere  destan . Meaning “Legendary, like a dream, excellent ” We use this saying, to describe a wedding, a ceremony etc.

Dillere destan bir düğünle evlendiler. -à They got married with a dreamlike wedding.

Negating verbs with –değil

Sometimes we negate verbs [ in future and past tense form ] using –değil. its because we want to give emphasis on  unlogical thing or action.

- Bugün dışarı çıkacak mısın ? -à Are you gonna go out today ?

-Akşama kadar evde oturacak değilim.  Tabi ki dışarı çıkacağım. -à I am not gonna sit at home all day. Of course I am gonna go out.

Above, the person finds the other person’s question bit annoying and unlogical and saying, naturally I will go out today.

-        Gelip de bize yalvaracak değiller ya. -à Of course [logically] they’re not gonna come and beg us.

- Türkçe’yi iki yılda öğrenmiş. -à He/She learnt Turkish in 2 years.

  Üç ayda öğrenecek değildi ya  -à[ It’s normal ]of course, he/she couldn’t learn it in 3 months.

Postposition" için" with clause complements

Postposition "için " can also be used with clause complements. The verb takes "dIk"or "acak"  then the possessive marker is attached onto it. It functions as  " since , because"

Verb + dık / acak  + Possessive marker   +   postposition "için"

  - Tom, Türkçe´yi öğrendiği için çok mutlu. --> Tom is very happy because he learnt Turkish.

 - Yakında tatile çıkacağı için kafası rahat. --> He/She has peace of mind because[since] he/she will go on holiday soon.

- Zamanı çok olduğu için işi yavaştan alıyor.  --> Because he/she has plenty of time, he/she is taking his/her time.

- Çok yemek yediği için midesi ağrıyor. ---> Because he/she ate alot, he/she has stomach ache.

- Bak, bunu seni sevdiğim için yapıyorum. ---> Look, I am doing this because I love you.

- Türkçe konuştuğun için herkes seni anlıyor. ---> Because you speak Turkish, everybody understands you.

İmpersonal context

When we consider things which are facts to us or to everyone, we may use this impersonal statements. 

We use passive voice for this kind of statements.

Orada denize girilir.  ---> It is possible to get into sea there.

[ In the passive sentence above, we don´t mention the person but we all know, the person is "people", we are stating the fact that it is suitable to go into sea there ]

Kapalı mekanlarda sigara içilmez. --> Smoking is not allowed in closed-places. [that is a fact at the moment in many countries including Turkey ]

Kışın domates yenmez. ---> It is not good to eat domatoes in winter. [ It is fact that winter is not tomato´s season, so, tomatoes shouldnt be consumed in winter ]

Misafir geri çevrilmez. ---> The guest shouldnt be rejected.  [In other words "you should NOT reject any guest that comes to you]

Kadının yaşı sorulmaz. ---> A woman shouldn´t be asked her age. [Its not good to ask a woman her age ] --> This is definetely a general fact. 

could be something like "yapılacak şey" a type of impersonal context...?

for exemple: what is the difference beween "yapacak bir şey yok" and "yapılacak bir şey yok", because, for me seems the same, but I feel something is missing

teşekkürler

Yapacak birşey yok=there is nothing to do

Yapılacak birşey yok=there is nothing to be done

Functions of  possessive suffixes

Possessive suffixes may function as in various following ways ;

1-     Main Function [ Possession ]

 Benim  arabam à My car

 Bizim bilgisayarımız à Our computer

1. Auxiliary Function [Noun compound ]

  Kapı kolu à Door handle

  Çay bardağı à Tea glass

1. Special Function[s]

a)     forms an adjective

   Ertesi  sene -à Next year

 [Next or following of  the year]

b)     in a pronoun

biri + si --à birisi 

birisi = someone [ one of  someone]

                        bura + sı -à burası

                        burası = here

c)     adverb

Salı günü  à Tuesday [ The day of  tuesday]

[Time adverb]

1. Cliched words

Ayakkabı -à Shoe[s]

Ayak = foot

Kap =  case, pot, container

So, ayakkabı literally means – the container of  foot

Beyoğlu à A place in İstanbul

Beyoğlu literally means – Son of  Bey

-mez olaydı

Using this form , we strongly wish of something never happened  because :

• we regret it that we did it.
•  Putting “Keşke ” is optional.
• We are not happy with the results at all.
•  Expresses the feeling of anger, hurt, disappointment with the result.

Verb stem + mez [maz]    olaydı + person

- Oraya gittin mi ?  è Have you gone there ?

-        Bugün onu gördün mü  -à Have you seen him/her today ?

-        Görmez olaydım. -à I wish I never seen him/her today. [ because may be he/she pissed me off or I had an argument with him/her  etc.. ]

Interesting.

As ola is the old future form and often in contemporary language conveys a wish, I am curious to know whether the ECEK future can do the same job, like

                          ?görmez olacaktım

or do you need to add the SA signal of wish like in

                           ?görmez olsaydım    ?

Yes, it is old future form of  “olsun” [let it happen] and in contemporary language conveys a wish. Just “ola”.

Nevruzunuz kutlu ola  ! -à May your nevruz be happy !

An example in contemporary language:

Geçmiş ola à May you recover from it. [However, this is not “ Geçmiş olsun” as a phrase which is said to a someone who is ill, but it is said to someone to whom  something already happened and its too late for him to get that thing right, saying just deal with it and recover from it]

 -------------------------------------

“?görmez olacaktım “  Aorist + ol  + future  doesn’t give us the same meaning , honestly  I can’t think of  much of  meaning that construction may convey unless we make such sentence below :

O zamanlar yaşasaydım, bu olayın şahidi olacak gözlerim görmez kulaklarım duymaz olacaktı.

If  I was to live in that time, my eyes- which would have been witnessed to this [event] – would become blind and my ears become deaf.

• So, if a condition in a certain period of  time in the past fulfilled [ if I lived in that time],  another thing would highly possible to  happen [ my eyes become blind and my ears become deaf ]

• And if you put SA signal onto that construction “?görmez olacaktım “  -à görmez olacakSAydım.   İt would convey No logic or meaning at all.

Possibility –mi

When –mi comes between repeated verbs, it creates and emphasize the possibility -à

“ Who knows, that may happen “, “ He/She might surprise us “, “ You can never  know “

 Verb in aorist form +  mi [mı ] +  Repeating same verb

-        O asla Türkçe öğrenemez. -à  He/She can never learn Turkish.

-        Öyle deme. Öğrenir mi öğrenir.  -à Don’t say that. He/she can learn , you never know.

-        O işi bırakamaz.  -à He/She can not quit that job.

-         Bırakır mı bırakır. -à He/She may surprise you . [ She may quit that job, you never know ]

Locative case  [-dA] as Derivational suffix

Locative case suffix [dA] with some words function just like a derivational suffix, since those words gain a new meaning and changes into a noun, an adjective or an adverb rather than staying as a word with locative case.

 Since they become a fixed word with  after taking locative case suffix. Therefore , we can say that  locative –dA which is a case suffix,  functioned as derivational suffix.

adverb

Söz – word

Söz + de = “ in word” -à however, it gains a new meaning which is “ supposedly”

Sözde –supposedly.

 Now,  it transformed into a new word which is “ supposedly”

Sözde bugün gelecekti. -à Supposedly [allegedly] he was gonna come today. [ But he didn’t ]

İkide bir [de] -à In literal locative meaning “ in two and in one , however, it gains a new meaning which is “ constantly, again and again, all the time, continually ”

- İkide bir bana aynı soruyu sorma -à Don’t keep asking me the same question [ Don’t ask me same question over and over again ]

Adjective

Sözde – “ so called ”

- Sözünü ettikleri sözde sağlıklı yaşam bana mantıksız geliyor.

“The so called healthy life ” they are talking about is just a nonsense to me.

Noun

Yüzde à Literally “in hundered” or “ in the face ”, however, it also gained a new meaning which is “ percentage , percent, commission ”

- Sınıfın yüzde yirmisi Türk öğrencilerden oluşmaktadır.

20 percent of school students are Turks.

Some other words

Sayende –> because of you

Sayende bu işi bitirdik. -à Because of you we were able to finish this job.

Yerinde -à “in its place” , it also gained a new meaning which is “ appropriate, relevant”

Birlikte  à “ literally “in unity” , gained a new meaning which is  “ together”

-dIk adjectives

This kind of  adjectives are formed of  adding –dIk  onto verb stem.

 Verb stem +  -dIk [dik, duk, dük]

 Tanı  +  dık -  Tanıdık [ familiar]

  Tanıdık yüzler  -à Familiar faces

 Bil  + dik =  Bildik  [known, usual, familiar ]

 Bu onun bildik tavrı değildi. -à This wasn’t his/her usual manner.

Its negative forms are more common

Um + ma + dIk = Ummadık [unexpected, unhoped-for ]

Para ummadık yerden geldi. à The money came from unexpected place/person.

Ol + ma + dık  -à Olmadık [unnecessary, improper]

Olmadık işler peşinde koşuyor -à He is going after unnecessary, improper things.

Duy + ul + ma + dık à Duyulmadık. [ Unheard ]

-ce  as togetherness

In some cases, using –cA with some group names gives us the meaning of “togetherness” when we talk about the actions performed by a certain group of people or unity etc...

Sınıf + ça  à Sınıfça  [as a class ]

Bu kararı sınıfça aldık. -à We , as a class, made this decision.

Aile + ce à Ailece [ as a family ]

Ailece pikniğe gittik. à We, as a family, went to the picnic.

Okul + ca -à Okulca [as a whole school ]

Okulca bir yarışmaya katıldık. --à  As a school we participated in a competition.

Takım + ca -à Takımca  [ as [a whole] team ]

Takımca güzel oynadık. -à As a [whole] team, we played well.

Millet + çe -à Milletçe [ as a [whole] nation]

Milletçe çok üzüldük. -à As a [whole] nation, we got so upset.

Intensified  Adjectives

There are some prefixes that intensify the meaning of  adjectives.

-        prefix  p :

a)     ap, ip, ıp, up

ap + acı -à very hot

ap + ayrı -à quite different

Apayrı bir konudan bahsediyor  -à He/She is talking about quite different subject.

Ap  +  ansız [ın ] -à very unexpectedly

Apansız kapın çalınırsa bil ki odur. à If you have a knock on your door in least expected time, surely that is gonna be him/her.

Ip + ıslak -à Very wet

İp + ince -à Quite thin

Up + uzun -à Very long

Upuzun bir nehir akıyor ülkenin batısından.

Very long river flows through the west of the country.

b)     dap, dip, dop

Dap + dar -à Very tight, very narrow

Dapdar pantolonlar giyiyor. -à He/She is wearing very tight trousers.

Dip + diri -à Full of life, very energetic

Dedem hala dipdiri. -à My grandfather is still full of life [very energetic person]

Dop + dolu  --à Very full, very crowded, chock a block

       Cadde insanlarla dopdolu. -à The street is full of  people.

c)     kap, kıp, kop, yep

  Kap + kalın -à Very thick

 Bu kapkalın kitabı mı sen mi okudun ?à Is that you who read this very thick book ?

 Kap + karanlık -à Very dark, completely dark

 Burası kapkaranlık ışıkları aç -à It is very dark here, turn the lights on.

 Kıp + kırmızı  -à Very red

 Utancından yüzü kıpkırmızı oldu. -à His/Her face turned into so red from embarrassment.

Kop + koyu -à Very dark, very thick, very dense

Yep + yeni -à Very new, brand new

Yepyeni arabasıyla memleketine gitti. -à He went to his hometown with his brand new car.

d)     bam , bem bom

Bam + başka -à utterly different, quite different, completely different

Bambaşka ülkeler görüp bambaşka kültürler tanımak istiyordu.

He wanted to see completely different countries and know their cultures.

Bem + beyaz -à Very white, pure white

Bembeyaz bulutlarla kaplıydı gökyüzü. -à The sky was covered with pure white clouds.

Bom + boş -à Completely empty.

Bomboş sokaklarda yürüdüm dün gece. -à I walked on the empty streets last night.

Etc…..

Strengthening the "already negative" sentence with “olmaz ” .

Olmaz. Gidemezsin. -à No , you can’t go.

Olmaz . Bu sefer affetmem. -à No, I won’t forgive this time.

Hayır olmaz. Göremezsin. -à No, you can’t see.

Sometimes it may  form  a negative statement 

- stating a strong personal opinion

- meaning “it is not good , it wouldn’t be good ”  “it would be inappropriate “

- generally includes no personal suffix

Gecenin bu saatinde gitmek olmaz.  -à It’s not good to go at this time of the night.

Aç karnına su içmek olmaz. -à It’s no good to drink water when you are hungry.

Her gün ders çalışmak olmaz !  Biraz gez dolaş. -à It’s not good to study every day. Some times go out and hang around.

Kahve içmeden gitmek olmaz. -à It would be inappropriate leaving without drinking coffee.

Aorist inferential

Verb stem +  Ir [ir,ur,ür,er,ar ]  + miş + personal ending

Sev  +  er  +  miş + im -à I was told that I used to like

 This tense denotes  reported actions we used to do. Something we used to do in the past but we don’t remember or we don’t know about it. But we were told or somebody claimed or we heard it from somebody.

 - Annemin dediğine göre çocukken çileği çok severmişim.  

  According to my mama I  used to like strawberry very much.

-   Eskiden benden nefret edermiş.

    He/She said that he/she used to hate me.

-     O yıllarda herkes şort giyermiş.

 I heard that in those years everybody used to wear short.

-    2 sene önce buraya çok kişi gelirmiş.

I heard / I was told that many people used to come here.

-   18. yüzyılda , o köyde insanlar Türkçe konuşurmuş.

    In 18th century, in that village people used to speak Turkish.

-  mIş bulunmak

 This construction may be classified under the  “ complex verb” form.

-This construction may denote the expression of regret. Something - we wouldnt want it happen if we take the clock back - already has been done and can not be changed.

Artık söylemiş bulunduk. à It’s too late, we already told.

Sözleşmeyi imzalamış bulundular bir kere. İptal edemezler.

      They already signed the contract. They can not abolish it.

- mış bulunmak may also be used for to make a stylish and formal statements.

Bugün Türkçe öğrenmeye başlamış bulunuyorsunuz.

Today, you started to learn Turkish.

Böylece dersin sonuna gelmiş bulunuyoruz.

We, now came to the end of the lesson.

Ways of telling the date in Turkish.

There are various ways to tell a date in Turkish.

Day + month

Yeni köprü 15 Nisan’da açıldı. -à The new bridge was opened on April 15.

Month + day

Yeni köprü Nisan’ın 15’inde açıldı. -à The new bridge was opened on the 15^th of April.

Month + Day + Name of the day

Yeni köprü 15 Nisan Pazartesi günü açıldı. -à The new bridge was opened on monday, april 15.

Day + Month + Year

Yeni köprü 15 Nisan 2014’te açıldı. -à The new bridge was opened on April 15 , in 2014.

Day + Month + Year + Name of the day

Yeni köprü 15 Nisan 2014 Pazartesi  açıldı. -à The new bridge was opened on Monday, April the 15th , in 2014.

Year + Month + Day

Yeni köprü 2014 Nisan’ının 15’inde  açıldı. -à The new bridge was opened on the 15th of April 2014.

Year

Yeni köprü 2014’te  açıldı. -à The new bridge was opened in 2014.

Year + Month

Yeni köprü 2014 Nisan’ında  açıldı. -à The new bridge was opened on April of 2014.

Month + Year

Yeni köprü Nisan 2014’te  açıldı. -à The new bridge was opened on April, 2014.

Some binding prepositions formed of  compounds

There are some “  made phrases ” which are  “binding prepositions” formed of  compounds.

Bundan başka -à Furthermore, additionally, other than this, other.

- Bundan başka İstanbul yok.  -à There is no other İstanbul.

Bunun için à hence, so, for this reason, therefore

- Sınava bir hafta kaldı. Bunun için bir hafta bize dinlenme yok.

Only one week left for the exam. So [for this reason], one week no rest for us.

Bundan dolayı -à So, therefore, for this reason

-        Her gün antreman yapıyorlar. Bundan dolayı takım hep kazanıyor.

 They are training every day. Therefore, the team wins all the time.

       Bu yüzden -à So, that’s why, therefore, because of this

       - Benim hakkımda dedikodu yapmış. Bu yüzden onunla konuşmuyorum.

       I heard that he/she gossiped about me. That’s why I don’t talk to him/her.

       Bu bakımdan  -à in this respect, in this regard, from this point of view.

-        Sık sık Türkçe dinlemeliyiz. Bu bakımdan Türk tv kanalları seyretmek faydalı olabilir.

-        We should often listen to Turkish. In this respect, it can be useful to watch Turkish tv channels.

Buna göre -à According to this

- Geçenlerde yeni bir kanun çıktı. Buna göre herkes günde en fazla 8 saat çalışacak.

Recently, a new law came out. According to this, everybody has to work maximum 8 hours in a day.

Görünüşe göre à apparently, seemingly

- Görünüşe göre kalmaya pek niyetin yok.

      Apparently you are not very eager to stay.

-        Görünüşe göre herkesin kafası karışık.

  Appearently everybody’s  confused.

O halde -à In that case, then

O halde planı değiştiriyoruz.  -à In that case, we are changing the plan.

- Burayı sevmiyorsun. O halde neden hala burdasın ?

  You don’t like it here. Why are you still here then ?

Uzun lafın kısası -à to cut a long story short

- Neyse, uzun lafın kısası, evden gece yarısı çıktık......

      Anyway, to cut a long story, short we left home at midnight.........

Ola ki

This word is formed of  the verb Ol + a    and  ki [conjunction ] 

a) smilar meaning with “belki” [may be, perhaps ]

      Ola ki  gelir. -à May be he will come.

      b) Let’s say, what if

    - Ola ki sınavı geçemedin. O zaman ne yaparsın ?

     Say, you couldn’t  pass the exam. What would you do then ?

- Ola ki yangın çıktı. İlk kurtaracağın şey ne olur ?

  Let’s say a fire came out. What would you save first ?

-      Ola ki tüm paran gitti. Geri nasıl döneceksin ?

  What if all your money’s gone. How will you come back. ?

-sAnA [-sene]

This strong desire / request form which can be also classified as imperative has a limited use with only second person [singular and plural]

-sAnA [-sene]  or  -sAnIzA [-senize]

Imperative

Hadi , çabuk olsana ! -à Come on. Hurry up ! 

Tuzu  uzatsana -à Pass me the salt.

Misafirlere kahve yapsana à Make coffee for the guests.

Desire/Request

Bugün bize gelsene -à Come to us today

Baklavadan yesenize à Have some baklava.

Anne , bugün börek yapsana -à Mama, please make borek today. [could you make borek today ? ]

Suggestion

Türkçe öğrensene -à Learn Turkish. [ Why don’t you learn Turkish ? ]

Doktora gitsene -à Go to the doctor. [ Why don’t you go to the doctor ?]

Some  “ var – yok ” phrases

Yok yere à without reason, from nothing

Yok yere tartıştık. àWe argued from nothing.

Yok yere onun kalbini kırdın. à You broke his/her heart for no apparent reason.

Var  gücüyle -à With all power, with all one’s strength

- Onlara var gücüyle vurdu. -à He/She hit them with all his/her power.

- Sınava var gücüyle çalışıyor. à He/She is studying for the exam with all his/her power.

Ne var ne yok ?  -à  How is it going ? , What’s news ?

Yok artık !  -à You gotta be kidding me !

Yok pahasına -à as cheap as dirt [ very cheap]

- Arabasını yok pahasına sattı. -à He sold his car so cheap.

Yok satmak -à sells like hot cakes

- Yeni kitabı yok satıyor. -à  His/Her new book sells like hot cakes.

Var mısın ? -à  Are you in ? [ it is asked to someone in order to know if that person participates in the action]

- Benimle İstanbul’a gitmeye var mısın ? -à Will you come to İstanbul with me ?

- İddiaya var mısın ? -à Do you want to bet ?

Repetitive – increase

Konuştukça konuşur  -à The more he/she talks , he/she talks more.

                                          [He/She talks more and more ]

Yolculuk uzadıkça uzadı -à The journey got longer and longer.

Genç kadın zayıfladıkça zayıfladı. -à The young woman got slimmer and slimmer.

Para kazandıkça kazandı -à She earned more and more money.

      Yedikçe yedik -à We ate and ate..

      Nüfus arttıkça artacak. -à The population will grow more and more.

-        mişcesine  [mışcasına]

When this group of suffix comes on to verb stem + tense ending, it gives us the meaning of “as if ”

Kazan + mışcasına -à as if   he/she/it/we/you /they  won

- Loto’da büyük ikramiye kazanmışcasına seviniyorlar. -à They are so happy as if  they won the big prize in lottery.

Gör + müşcesine

- Bana öcü görmüşcesine bakıyordu. -à He/She was looking at me as if she he/she saw a ghost.

Sev + ecek + mişcesine 

      - Sevgilisine ömür boyu sevecekmişcesine sözler veriyordu. à He/She was giving promises to his/her lover as if  he/she will love him/her all his/her life.

    Öl + me + y+ ecek + mişcesine 

- Hayatı  hiç ölmeyecekmişcesine yaşıyor. -à He/She  is living the life in such a way as if  he/she will never die.

I guess this is simple and rather obvious question, but just to make sure - answer "I´m in!" can be simply translated here as "Varım" ?

I think that "o zaman" too can be used in this meaning. Is this true?

If yes, is there any big difference between "O halde planı değiştiyoruz" and "O zaman planı değiştiyoruz" ?

That´s correct Tomac. That can be translated as " I´m in "

Doğru. You can also use " o zaman " in that context and that won´t make difference in the meaning.

Tunci, many thanks for your comments!

Adverbs with case endings

There are some adverbs end with noun cases but do not add any ablative, locative or dative content in their meaning. The case meaning has been lost in those adverbs.

Ani + den  -à suddenly

Aniden  ayağa kalktı. -à Suddenly he/she  stood up.

Bir + den -à Suddenly, all of a sudden

Birden fırtına çıktı. -à Suddenly a storm came out.

Sahi + den -à really

Sahiden  hatırlamıyorum. -à I don’t really remember.

Yeni + den -à again, over again, once again.

Bu sene yeniden sınava girecek misin ? -à Will you take the exam again this year ?

İdiomatic compound verbs.

dert yanmak - to pour out one´s trouble.

Yaşlı kadın komşusuna dert yanıyordu. ---> Old woman was pouring his troubles to her neigbour. [ In other words, she was sharing and telling/complaining about her troubles, problems with her neigbour ]

Sözünde durmak – to keep hıs/her promise/word

Sözünde dur ve bu işi bitir. --à  Keep your promise/word  and finish this job.

Kafasına koymak -à to be determined , to set his/her mind on doing something

Bir kere kafasına koymuş doctor olacak. -à He/She already set his/her mind on becoming a doctor.

Ağzından düşürmemek --à Keep talking/mentioning about something or somebody

Emre yeni arkadaşını hiç ağzından  hiç düşürmüyor  -à Emre keeps talking /mentioning about his new friend.

El uzatmak -à to aid, to help

Tanınmış işadamı bu fakir aileye el uzattı. -à The famous businessman helped this poor family.

Derivational suffix: -LIK

This suffix is added to nouns to form adjectives, and to adjectives to

form nouns. Its other forms are  lik, luk, lük

güzel :beautiful        güzellik ----> beauty

iyi :  good               iyilik   -----> goodness

hasta : sick             hastalık ----> illness

temiz : clean           temizlik ------> cleanliness

kim  : who              kimlik ------->  identity

gün : day               günlük ------> daily

baş : head              başlık ------> headline

* This suffix also functions as  “for”  like için.

Beş kişilik bir oda istiyorum. -à  I want a room for five.

 * As an adjective :

Beş günlük bir tatil yaptık. ----> We had a 5 days holiday.

Tek kişilik bir yatak aldık.  ---->  We bought a single bed (bed for one).

Bugünkü gazetenin başlığını gördün mü ?  Have you seen the headline of today’s newspaper ?

The -LiK Sufffix also indicates the purpose for which something is

intended or used:

şeker  sugar     şekerlik -à Sugar -bowl

kulak  ear         kulaklıkà Head-phones

tuz salt             tuzluk   -à salt-cellar

anahtar key     anahtarlık -à key-holder /keychain

* The –LIK suffix may also comes after  -lı, -sız and -ci

suffixes, indicating a state of having, not having and being

something:

canlı  [lively]  -à  canlılık   liveliness

akılsız [ unintelligent/ stupid ] -à  akılsızlık stupidity

dişçi  [dentist] --à  dişçilik  dentistry /state of being dentist

Stress on numeric groups

* When we say the numeric groups , the stress comes in the very last syllable on the small number.

elli iki    52

altmış altı    66

yetmiş beş  75

doksan dokuz  99

dokuz yüz kırk sekiz    948

• In numeric adjective phrases, the stress comes on adjective part :

Üç bin  -à 3000

Dört  milyon -à 4.000.000

Seksen  milyar -à 80.000.000.000

Indefinite noun phrases with repetition

Ankara- İstanbul [ tren ]hattı --à Ankara- İstanbul [train/bus] line

Repetition     

Meyve–sebze  pazarı -à Fruit – vegetable market

Saç–sakal  traşı -à Hair-beard shaving

Odun–kömür  deposu -à Wood-Coal depot /storage

Boya-badana  işi -à Whitewash – paint  job 

-dan as an adjective maker

Ablative suffix –dan may come onto some words and makes them adjectives ,

Su + dan -à  simple

Sudan sebepler -à [unimportant] simple reasons

Sudan bahaneler  -à [unimportant] simple excuises

Sudan sebeplerle okulu bıraktı. -à He/She left school for some simple reasons.

Sıra + dan -à  Ordinary, usual

Sıradan bir yaz günüydü...  --à It was an ordinary summer day…

Top + dan -à [Toptan]  Wholesale, whole , as whole

İç + den  [içten ] -à sincere,honest

Can + dan [candan]  -à sincere, willing, ingenuous

Yürek + den [Yürekten] -à kind, heartfelt, sincere

-dı

With some words the past tense suffix –dı  loses its tense function and produces adjectives and nouns.

Miras + yedi -à Mirasyedi [ spendthrift, (someone) who squanders his wealth; who spends money like water  ]

Şıp + sevdi  -à  Şıpsevdi [ person who falls in love very quickly  ]k

Kül+ bastı --à  Külbastı [ broiled meat, chop ]

İmam + bayıldı -à   İmambayıldı [ A Turkish dish consisting of aubergines stuffed with an onion and tomato mixture]

Gece +  kondu -à  Gecekondu [ House put up quickly without proper permissions, shanty house ]

Kaptı + kaçtı --à  Kaptıkaçtı [formerly minibus, stealing by snatching, a card game ]

Compound Sentences

Mainly 3 types of compound sentence forms in Turkish.

1. Compound sentence with conditional.

    - Hava güzel olursa biz yarın dışarı çıkacağız.

    Conditional                    

    If the weather will be nice we will go out tomorrow.

Subordinate sentence is conditonal.

-        Pazara gidersen biraz meyve al.

Conditional

If you go to the market, buy some fruits.

2. Compound sentence with –ki

- Görüyorum ki  dersine çalışmıyorsun.

Subordinate

sentence

With ki

I see [I can see] that you are not studying.

- Biliyorum ki burada mutlu değilsin.

Subordinate

Sentence

With ki

I know that you are not happy here.

-        Gelmedi ki göreyim.

I didn’t see him/her since he/she didn’t come.

- Ne yaptım ki bana böyle davranıyorsun ?

What did I do that [to make] you treat me like this ?

3. Compound sentences formed [in] one with in other.

-        Buraya gel   dedi.  -à He/She said “come here”.

 1                     2

-        Yarın gideceksin gibi  hazırlan.-à Be prepared as if you are gonna go tomorrow.

           1                                 2

-        Beni gördü mü  yanıma gelir.àHe/She comes [to me] whenever he/she sees me.

    1                         2

Postpositions that assign dative case to their complements.

kadar ---->

 location , destination

 Okula kadar koştum.  ---> I run until the school.

 time

Akşama kadar  izin alamam. ---> I can not get a permission until the evening.

dek -->

Dün sabaha dek çalıştı.---> Yesterday, he/she worked untill  the morning .

dair/ilişkin --->

conserning /about

Bu kitaba dair fazla bilgi bulamadım---> I couldn´t find enough info about [concerning] this book.

rağmen / karşın --->

Concession

Yaşına rağmen sağlığı çok iyi. ---> Despite his age, his health is in very good condition.

karşı --->

Contrariness, opposition 

Seher´in fikrine karşı fikir belirtti. ----> He gave an opinion which is oppossing Seher´s view.

Responsibility

Çocuklarına karşı sorumlulukların var.  ---> You have responsibilities for your children.

göre --->

According to

Okul müdürüne göre öğrenciler başarılı.  ----> According to the principal, the students are successfull.

Comparison

Kızkardeşi Seher´e göre çok  daha mutlu.----> Seher´s sister is much more happier than Seher.

Doğru --->

Place [Direction]

Pazara doğru yürüyelim. --->  Let´s walk towards the market.

Time

ilkbahara doğru doğa canlanır. ---> As the spring comes near, the nature revives.

Types of clauses

1. Single clause

Ben  Orhan´ı  pazarda gördüm.
I saw Orhan in the market.

2. Two independent clauses

Ben Orhan´ı pazarda gördüm ve onunla konuştum.
I saw Orhan in the market and [I] talked to him.

3. One dependent + One independent clause

Ben , [Orhan´ın pazara gittiğini ] gördüm.
I saw Orhan going to the market.

Ben gördüm --->  independent clause
Orhan´ın pazara gittiğini ---> dependent clause

4. One independent + two dependent clauses

Ben Orhan´ın pazardan aldığı elmayı yediğini   gördüm.
I saw Orhan eating the apple which he bought from the market.

Ben gördüm. ---> Independent clause
Orhan´ın pazardan aldığı ---> dependent clause
[Orhan´ın ] elmayı yediğini  ----> dependent clause

Headless  Relative Clauses

There are relative clauses which the head noun is not mentioned. When the head noun is indefinite or non-referential, as in the examples below.

Even if the head noun is used, it must be either insan, kişi, kimse, biri, etc. depending on whether the intended head is a human or a thing.

Arayan soran var mı ?  ---> Is there anyone who calls or  asks ?

In the sentence above, the head ´´ biri ´´ [anyone] is deleted.
Arayan soran [ biri / birileri ] var mı ?

--------------------------------------------------
Eryaman´da inecek  var mı ?  --->  Is there anyone who will get off at Eryaman ?

In the sentence above, the head ´´kimse´´ [anyone] is deleted.

Eryaman´da inecek [kimse] var mı ?
---------------------------------------------------

Son gülen iyi güler.
Son gülen [kişi ] iyi  güler.

* Headless relative clauses are also used when the head noun is obvious within the previous discourse or else it can be recovered from the situational context. Such as:

A:  Hangi kitabı okumak istiyorsun ? ---> Which book do you want to read ?

B:  Dün aldığımı okuyacağım.  ---> I will read the one I bought yesterday.

------------------------------------------

A : Bu akşam hangi elbiseni giyeceksin? ---> Which dress of yours  will  you wear tonight ?

B :  Bu sabah sana gösterdiğimi giyeceğim. ----> I´ll wear the one I showed you this morning.

As a result, headless Relative Clauses  are used when the head noun is not specific, or when the head is provided within the previous discourse or context of situation.

Nominal substitution:

It replaces nouns/noun phrases with one, ones,same [bir , bir tane, aynısı ]

Senin aldığın ceket güzelmiş. Ben de bir tane istiyorum.

The jacket you bought looks nice. I want one [as the same] too.

* bir tane is used as a substitute for ceket.
------------------------------------------

Mahir  vişneli soda içiyor. Hasan da aynısından içiyor.

Mahir drinks soda with cherry. Hasan drinks same too.

* ´´aynısından´´  is used as a substitute for vişneli soda.

-------------------------------------------
A.  Kahve alayım.  ---> I´ll have  a coffee.

B.  Ben de bir tane alayım. ---> I´ll have one too.

* bir tane is used as a substitute for kahve.

* BIr tane / aynısı  etc.. are  used to substitute the type denoted in the noun/noun phrases in the previous sentences.

´´ama´´  in the end of  sentence

Sometimes , conjunction ´´ama´´ is used in the end of sentence just to draw an attention of  the adressee.

- Bak kızarım ama! ----> Look  I  will be mad at you !

- Böyle söylersen darılırım ama! --->  If you say like this, I will be cross with you !

- Yarın gelirim, söz. ---> I promise I will come tomorrow.

-  Gel ama !  ---> [You will ]come , ok ?--->  [Make sure you come ! ]

Conjunctions of  Summarizing

kısacası, demek ki, açıkçası, öyleyse, yani, özetle, o hâlde, anlaşılıyor ki

... Kısacası bu işi bir an  önce bitirmeliyiz.  --->
.... Briefly , we should finish this job as soon as possible.

... Demek ki  ülke bu yüzden kalkınamıyor. --->
... So, because of this,  the country is not developing .

... Açıkçası bu işi istemiyorum. --->
    Frankly speaking, I don´t want this job.

... Öyleyse gidelim arkadaşlar.
... If it is so ,friends [then] let´s go.

... Yani bundan sonra kimse bu konu hakkında konuşmasın.
... So, [in short, in other words] from now on, let nobody talk about this matter.

..... O halde Istanbul gezisini iptal etmek zorundayız.
..... In that case we have to cancel Istanbul trip.

.... Özetle bu ilacın yan etkileri saymakla bitmez.

.... In brief, this drug has countless side effects.

-r  suffix

-r  suffix comes to some verbs and makes them noun or adjective.

Verb stem +  [a,e,i,ı ]r

Oku  +  r     yaz + ar   --> Okur yazar  [ the person who know how to read and write]

yaz + ar   kasa  --->  Yazar kasa  [cash till]

bil + ir   kişi---> Bilir kişi [expert witness]

gel + ir     git + er  ---> gelir  gider  [income and expense]

kes + er  ---> keser  [chipping hatchet ]

gül +  er   yüz ---> güler yüz  [smiling face]

 Certainty in the future

Using present continuous tense for future actions denote  more certainity than using future tense. Since , the action we refer in the future in our mind -as if - already started [to happen] from NOW it sounds more certain to us.

1) Yarın sana geleceğim  --->  I will come to you tomorrow.

2) Yarın sana geliyorum. ---> I am coming to you tomorrow.

In second sentence, it is more definite/certain that I am coming to you tomorrow.

- mIş

-miş can be used to express amazement, admiration,suprise and things that you have just realized. Such as:

 When you see your friend´s car first time and you like it, you can say to him/her :

- Araban çok güzelmiş ! ---> Your car looks very nice !

 You are viewing a house and you find its rooms  big , you can say :

- Odalar genişmiş !  ---> The rooms are big !

- Bak kim gelmiş ! ---> Look who has come !

Your friend bought new shoes and you think they are good deal :

- Ucuzmuş !  ---> They are cheap ! [good deal !]

You´ve just started to learn Turkish and you find Turkish difficult. You say to your friend

Türkçe zor bir dilmiş ! ---> [I have just realized that ] Turkish is a difficult language !

Sabah olmuş ! --> We [I] have just realized that it is [the night turned into] morning.

Present progressive for aorist actions

Present progressive -iyor , can be used for aorist actions.

The difference between normal aorist and progressive aorist is :

If we have just gained a habit of doing something, it is expressed with progressive tense.

- Sabahları erken kalkıyorum. ---> I am getting up early in the mornings.

In the sentence above, what I am trying to say is I actually gained this habit recently/nowadays. Habit of  getting up early in the morning.

whereas :

- Sabahları erken kalkarım.  ---> I get up early in the mornings.

In this aorist sentence, it was always like that. In other words, I always and still get up early in the mornings. It is not actually a habit that I gained lately. It has been always like that.

Aorist for future actions

Sometimes, when we dont want to be specific or definite about the future actions, we use aorist. By doing that, what we actually say is , its not definite but we may[probably]  do it.

It is kind of  a way of softening the strictness of future promises, being more flexible and minimizing the possible disappointments of the other person, if we dont perform that action.

Yarın seni arayacağım. ---> I will  call you tomorrow.

Yarın seni ararım. --->  I am gonna give you a call  tomorrow [but I don´t promise ]

Aorist usage for past actions

This kind of usage is seen in stories , especially when telling the historic events.

Example :

Peyami Safa İstanbul´da doğdu. Meşhur şair İsmail Safa´nın oğludur. Düzenli bir öğrenim göremediğinden kendi kendisini yetiştirir. 13 yaşında hayata atılıp Posta Telgraf Nezaretinde çalışır. Öğretmenlik (1914-1918), gazetecilik (1918-1961) yapar. Hayatını yazıları ile kazanır.....

Peyami Safa was born in Istanbul. He is the son of famous poet İsmail Safa. Since he hadnt had a proper education, he improves his education by himself. When he was 13, he works at ministry of Post&Telgraph. He works as a teacher and journalist. He earns his life with his writings....

It makes me wonder - if we used present continuous tense (with -iyor suffix), would it make any sense in Turkish? Like below:

Peyami Safa İstanbul´da doğdu (...). Kendi kendisini yetiştiriyor. 13 yaşında hayata atılıp Posta Telgraf Nezaretinde çalışıyor.

For those two sentence it sounds bit weird using present continuous tense, Tomac.

Unless,  by little changes [adding past in the last sentence] it may sound ok.

Peyami Safa İstanbul´da doğdu. Meşhur şair İsmail Safa´nın oğludur. Düzenli bir öğrenim göremediğinden kendi kendisini yetiştiriyor, 13 yaşında hayata atılıp Posta Telgraf Nezaretinde çalışıyordu. Sonraları öğretmenlik (1914-1918), gazetecilik (1918-1961) yapıyor, hayatını yazıları ile kazanıyordu....

Many thanks for your explanation, Tunci.

kimi

The adjective ´´kimi´´is formed of  the pronoun kim + i [possessive suffix], 

possessive suffix is cliched in time and formed this adjective.

It is the Turkish equivalent of ´´bazı´´ [some]

kimi  zaman

kimi gün [ler]

kimi insan

If I want to be specific can I also use ´yorum´?

I always wonder why people use ´cağim´ and ´yorum´ interchangeably. 

Is this correct?

1. Endonezya’ya uğrayacağım.

2. Endonezya’ya uğruyorum   

3. Endonezya’ya uğrarım  

 If I use belki before 2 and 3 would all the meanings be the same?

Yes you can use present continuous. It is interchangable for future actions  like in English.

  My course is starting next week. = My course will start next week.

Haftaya kursum başlıyor. = Haftaya kursum başlayacak.

--------------------

1. Endonezya’ya uğrayacağım. ---> I will do short visit to Indonesia.

2. Endonezya’ya uğruyorum   ---> I am doing short visit to Indonesia. / I do short visit to Indonesia.

3. Endonezya’ya uğrarım   ---> I DO short visit to Indonesia.

Without context, those 3 sentences may NOT exactly say the same things.

´´Belki´´ fits perfectly  in the 3th sentence [aorist] and refers the future ---> I may do short visit to Indonesia.

However, ´´ belki ´´  with the second sentence  sounds weird since it is in present continuous tense.

yes that makes sense now. Thank you for your help!

 A ! , YA !

When ´´a´´  or  ´´ya´´  are placed after a verb, it makes the statement more emphatic.  ´´A´´ or ´´YA´´ is not affected by the rules of vowel harmony. They can be used interchangeably depending on rhythm or style, but mostly ´´ya´´ is used. It is not used with command forms.

Olur a ! Dünyada herşey mümkün. ---> Certainly it could happen ! Everything is possible in this world.

Verdim ya ! Daha ne istiyorsun ? ---> I gave it, didn´t I ? What else do you want ?

Gidiyor ya ! Üzülecek ne var ? --->  He is going, isn´t he ? What is there to worry about ?

* The ´´a´´ or ´´ya´´  is added at the very end.

- Veriyorum ya !

- Aldın ya !

- Bulduk ya !

* There is a feeling of  impatience as well as emphasis in the attitude of the person using this form.

-iyor değil

Here the -iyor suffix makes the verb a state or progressive action. Adding ´´değil´´  makes the verb negative. Sometimes two negative suffix can be put :

 -ma + iyor   değil  ----> In this case, the statement becomes positive.

 negative +  negative = positive

Bilmiyor değilim. ---> Don´t think that I don´t know about it.

This is used when something has been said implying ignorance and lack of awareness.

Examples :

Anlamıyor değilim.  ---> I DO understand. [ don´t thınk I don´t ]

Bunları bilmiyor değilsin. ---> I know that you DO know these things.

Onu tanımıyor değilim. ---> I DO know him/her. [ Don´t think I don´t ]

 Meğer [Meğerse ]

This is used with a clause giving the true facts as against what we mistakenly thought were the true.

-Ben onu genç sanıyordum meğer yaşlıymış.

I thought he/she was young, but I found out that  he/she is old.

- Ben onun gittiğini sanıyordum meğerse gitmemiş.

I thought he/she had gone, but he/she hadn´t.

* The important thing to remember about ´´meğer´´ is that the true facts are something you discover later. It is for this reason that the verb of the clause following ´´ meğer ´´ is always in -miş form.

Gittikçe

Gittikçe refers a gradual change [increase or decrease ]. We use gittikçe followed by another verb that represents the nature of that change.

Dersler gittikçe kolaylaşıyor.  ---> The lessons are gradually getting easier.

Gittikçe daha az sigara içiyorum.  ---> I am smoking less and less.

Kiralar gittikçe yükseliyor. ---> Rents are gradually increasing.

E !

This has various meanings : acceptance, corroboration, astonishment, impatience, weariness.

[short and staccato]

E ! Öyleyse gidelim !  ---> Well, let´s go then !   [acceptance, weariness]

E ! Orası  doğru ! ---> Well, that is so.  [ corroboration ]

E ! Sonra ne yaptın ? ----> Well, what did you do then ? [astonishment, curiousity ]

E ! Yeter artık ! ---> That´s enough now ! [ impatience]

Hah !

This is used when we want to express the thought ´´ There ! ´´  or  ´´ You´ve hit the nail on the head ! ´´

Hah ! Şimdi anladım.----> There ! Now I´ve understood it.

Hah !  ----> There [Now you´ve got it ! ]

Hah ! işte burada duralım. ----> Here ! This is fine ! Let´s stop right here.

Hah ! Benim de demek istediğim buydu. ---> Right ! That´s exactly what I meant.

´´ Olmak ´´  as an independent verb

If a word or word group is the subject of ´´ olmak ´´, then olmak is an independent verb.

Olmak = to be / to have / to happen/ to be ready

Burada her gün bir kaza oluyor. ---> There is an accident everyday here.

Dışarıda bir telaş oldu. ---> There was a panic outside.

Her gün fırtına oluyor. ---> Everday there is a storm. [everyday is stormy]

Evimizin bahçesi olmalı --> Our house must have a garden.

Кimseye birşey olmadı. ---> Nothing happened to anybody.

iki yıl oldu. ---> It has been two years.

Yarın misafirimiz olacak. ---> We will have a guest tomorrow.

Çay oldu mu ? ---> Is tea ready ?

I have two questions.

Firstly, related to A and Ya. 

Is using any of them may be considered impolite or rude. 

Secondly,

Is using değil with -iyor resemble mi in a way or another? 

Do you only use it with -iyor zaman, I mean is it used with -er zaman?

Herşey için teşekkürler. 

  Olur / Olmaz  

* In some cases, Olur / Olmaz  can be used in the sense of  "Yes" or "No".

* Olmaz can be considered as strong "Hayır ", it may even mean " No way"

- Çay içer misin ? ---> Would you drink tea ?

- İyi olur.  ---> [Yes] that will be good.

- Burada sigara içebilir miyim ?  ----> Can I smoke here ?

- Maalesef olmaz. ----> Unfortunately, NO [you can´t ]

- Olmaz !  Buraya giremezsiniz. ----> No [way], you can NOT enter in here.

Hiatus

 Hiatus which is " the occurrence of two vowel sounds "does not normally seen in Turkish words. However it is seen in some loanwords , such as :

saat  

şair

fiil

arkeoloji

daima

fiil

* It may be seen some Turkish compound words. 

* When a word ending with a vowel joins to another word starting with a vowel in order to form a compound word, one of the vowel drops or buffer letter comes.

Ne + asıl ---> Nasıl   ---> Here, one of the vowel dropped.

gide + im ---> Gideyim  ---> Here, buffer letter [y] binds two vowels.

demek 

In some cases the adverbial form of the verb "demek" ---> "diye"[by saying/thinking ] precedes these verbs :

- Ne yapıyorsunuz ? diye sordu "--> He/She asked [saying] what are you doing?

- " Hayır hiç görmedim" diye cevap verdi. ---> He/She answered [saying] "No, I haven´t seen at all "

- Öğretmen öğrencileri, "sessiz olun !" diye uyardı. ----> The teacher warned the students [by saying] " be quite ! "

- Anne, bakıcıya "Çocuklara iyi bak " diye tembih etti. ---> The mother admonished the carer [by saying ] " look after the kids well "

- Öğretmen, " Ödevlerinizi unutmayın"  diye ekledi.  ---> The teacher added [by saying] "Don´t forget your homeworks ".

- "Mektuplarımı açmayın " diye size kaç defa rica ettim.---> How many times I pleaded with you [by saying] " Do not to open my letters ".

- " Acaba başına bir iş mi geldi " diye merak ettim.  ---> I worried about you [by thinking ] if something happened to you.

 Five forms of the question "WHERE" [NERE]

NERE : This is a singular root of the question "Where" and it is rarely used without ending.

Burası  nere ? ---> Where is here ? 

* Although it should be "neresi", you may hear people using it without ending in questions like that.

NEREDE : " In , on, at , where ? ". It asks the locality of the subject, and it is always used together with a verb " to be ", and the verbs thhat give a "da, de" ending to the object "

Postane nerede ? ---> [At] Where  is the post office ?

NEREYE : "to towards where ?" It asks to where the action of  the subject is directed, and is used together with the verbs that give an "-a,-e " ending to the object. [dative verbs]

- Nereye gidiyorsun ? ---> [To] Where are you going ?

NEREYİ :  "Where". It is always with the verbs that give an "i,ı " endings to the object. [Accusative verbs]

- Nereyi aldın ? ---> Where did you buy ?

- Burayı aldım. ---> I bought here.

NEREDEN : " From where ?",  " Out of where  ? " . It asks from where, or out of where the action is taking place. 

- Nereden gideceğiz ? ---> From where we will go ?

NERESİ :   "Where ? " , meaning what place ?, which country ?, city, room etc..  It points out a part of a whole.

- Almanya´nın neresinde yaşıyorsun ? ---> In what part of Germany you are living ?

e [a] durmak 

This form is used when we want to indicate that an activity is to continue.This is preferred form when we want to tell a person to go on doing something.

Verb stem +  e [a]dur + person

git            + edur       +   un ---> you [plural] keep going

- Siz gidedurun ben birazdan gelirim.

  You keep going, I´ll follow you shortly.

- O oturadursun biz gideceğiz.

  Have him keep sitting, we are going.

- Sen yiyedur ben giyineceğim.

You keep on eating while I get dressed. [I´ll get dressed]

- Siz  kahvaltınızı yapadurun biz bekleriz.

You keep on eating breakfast while we wait. [we´ll wait for you]

-memezlik  etmek 

When we want to impress upon a person that he must not fail to dosomething or, to put it another way, he must be sure to do something, we add - memezlik [-mamazlık ] to  the verb stem followed by etme, etmeyelim, etmeyin, etc..

 Verb stem + memezlik [mamazlık ] + etme.....

Sometimes the word " sakın " is placed before the sentence for an extra emphasis.

- Sakın gitmemezlik etme ! ----> Now be sure to go ! [ Don´t fail not to go ]

- Söyle , gelmemezlik etmesin ! ---> Tell him/her to be sure to come !

- Dersine çalışmamazlık etme !  ---> Make sure you study your lessons !

- Doktora gitmemezlik etmeyin ! ---> Make sure you [plural] do go to the doctor !

  -mak[mek] bilmiyor

Verb stem + mak [mek]   + bilmiyor 

This construction refers  the actions which never seem to ending. It has sense of being fed up, feeling displeasure with its slowness or never ending.

-Zaman geçmek bilmiyor. ---> Time never seem to passing.

- Misafirler kalkmak bilmiyor. ---->  The guests never seem to leaving. 

We made this kind of statement above it is because we are not happy  the guests who are staying too long and seem not to leave soon.

- Durmak bilmiyor. ---> He/She doesn´t  seem to stop.

* We can change the tense of  "bilmek".

- Günler geçmek bilmiyordu. ---> The days went by very slowly. [ didn´tseem to pass ]

Artık

Artık can be translated into English in couple of ways 

* Now, as of some unspecified point of time in the immediate past. 

Artık müdür oldum. ---> I am a manager now. [ I am no longer an ordinary officer ]

* Now, as of some specified point of time in the immediate future :

Artık ev alacağım. ---> I am going to buy a house now.

* No longer

Artık yürüyemiyordu. ---> He/She was no longer able to walk.

* Any more

Artık çalışmayı sevmiyor.  ---> He/She doesn´t like studying any more.

* now [expressing anger ]

Sus artık !  ----> Shut up now !  [Don´t speak anymore, you have spoken enough ! ]

Exclamatory sentences with "Ne" 

- Ne şans !  ---> What a luck ! 

- Siz  ne kadar  iyisiniz !   -----> How nice [good, kind] you are !

- Ne [kadar ] güzel bir bebek !  ---> What a beautiful baby !

- Ne [kadar] güzel konuşuyor  ---> How beautifully [nicely] he/she speaks !

- O gün ne kadar gülmüştük, değil mi ? ---> How [much] we [had] laughed that day, didn´t [hadn´t ] we?

* "kadar" is optional.

* Alternatively the word " Ne" can be replaced by " Amma " to denote exaggeration in informal speech.

The variant forms of causative suffix are distributed in their use as follows:

-dir [dır, dur, dür " ] 

After verb forms ending in a consonant except for those ending in "l " or " r "and having more than one syllable.

-t 

After verb forms ending in a vowel except for the two verbs  ye- and de-which are followed by -dir --->

yedir -

dedir -

Also, after polysyllabic verb forms ending in " l " or "r ".

-ır 

After about tweny monosyllabic verb roots.  

bat-

bit-

doğ-

duy-

düş-

geç-

iç-

kaç-

piş-

yat-

ut-

After a very few monosyllabic verb roots ending in "k". 

kok-

kork-

er-

After four or five monosyllabic verb roots.

çık-

Note : The transitive verb forms of gel-, git- and gör- are, quite irregularly,                                                     getir, götür- and göster

  Kadar

Don´t work that much !

O kadar çalışma !

O kadar akıllı bir çocuk ki !

He/She is such a clever child !

How much is this ?

Bu ne kadar?

I studied Turkish until the morning.

Sabaha kadar Türkçe çalıştım.

They have enough money to pay the rent.

Kirayı ödeyebilecek  kadar paraları var.

You [all] are  as   generous  as  we are.

Siz bizim kadar cömertsiniz.

The more you study the more you will learn.

Ne kadar çok çalışırsan o kadar çok öğrenirsin.

Parlamentonun önünde yüz kadar gösterici toplanmıştı.

About [around] 100 demonstrators gathered in front of the parlament.

He/She will come in 10 minutes.

10 dakikaya kadar gelir.

Adjectif  habituel 

[Alışkanlık sıfatı ]

Suffix -ci comes on to some words/adjectives , and alter them into adjectif habituel. This kind of adjectives refer a person whom gained a habit.

Yalan + cı ---> Yalancı - Lier [ A person who has habit of lying.

Doğru  + cu ---> Doğrucu - Truthful [ A person who has habit of telling the truth always]

Şaka +  cı  ----> Şakacı - Joker [ A person who has habit of making jokes ]

İnat + çı ----> İnatçı - Stubborn [ A person who has habit of being stubborn ]

Dedikodu + cu ----> Dedikoducu - Gossiper [ A person who has habit of gossiping]

Ucuz + cu ---> Ucuzcu - A person who is always charging low prices. [A person who sells things cheaply ]

Akşam + cı ---> Akşamcı - A person who habitually spends his evenings drinking.

  Falan, filan, falanca, filanca

These are the pronouns of absolute indefinity [uncertainity] are often used as adjectives :

It can be translated as  ---> such and such , so and so

*  -ca may be added.

Falan adam ---> Such and such man

Filanca/filanca yer ---> Such and such a place

Falanca gün ---> Such and such a day

 -ivermek 

When we want to minimize the effort required to do something, we add -ivermek to the root or stem of the verb. The suffix also conveys the idea of ease, swiftness, a sudden unexpected action.

Bıçağı alıp ipi kesiverdi. ---> He/She suddently took the knife and cut the string.

İsmini şuraya yazıver. ---> Just write your name here.

-i, [ ı, u ,ü ] is added to the verb root [ -yi, -yı, -yü if it ends in a vowel ]

Then the regular verb "vermek" is used. It remains the same  [i.e  no changes for vowel harmony ], no matter what the form of -i.

al -ı - vermek 

iç - i -vermek

koş -u- vermek

öl - ü - vermek

* "Vermek" is conjugated just like the verb "to give ".

alıverir  misin ?

İçivermiş.

Koşuversin.

Ya ölüverirse ?

Examples :

-Elektrikler  kesiliverdi. --> The electricity was suddenly cut off.

- Kapı açılıverdi. --->  The door unexpectedly opened.

- Odaya giriverdi. --->  He/She  suddenly walked into the room.

- Piknikte hava bozuluverdi. ---> The weather suddenly worsened at the picnic.

- Pencere kırılıverdi. ---> The window broke unexpectedly.

 -dir 

dır -dir -dur -dür 

tır - tir - tur - tür

When -dir suffix attached on predicates [noun/verb predicate ] , it adds"possibility/guess " or "certanity" meanings.

- Şimdiye eve varmıştır. ---> He/She probably arrived home by now.[ probability ]

- Sigara sağlığa zararlıdır. --> [Smoking] Cigarette is bad for health.

[ It is a certain fact that smoking is bad for health ]

- Babam çok iyi bir insandır. ---> My father is a very good person. 

[ This is a certain fact that I belive, that my father is a very good person]

- Dedemi uzun zamandır görmedim. Yaşlanmıştır. ---> I haven´t seen my grandfather, He probably got older. 

[ It is strongly possible that my grandfather got older]

 -ecek olmak

Verb stem+ecek + ol-  

be about to ,  intend to ... ,  happen to ..., get to the point of just....-ing

Examples :

Present Continuous

Bir şey söyleyecek oluyor,  ama hemen vazgeçiyor.

He/She gets to the point of saying something, but soon changes his/her mind.

Aorist

Bir şey söyleyecek olur,  ama hemen vazgeçer.

He/She gets to the point of saying something, but soon changes his/her mind.

Reported past

Bir şey söyleyecek olmuş,  ama hemen vazgeçmiş.

Reportedly, He/She was [had been] just about to say something, but soon changed his/her mind.

Simple past

Bir şey söyleyecek oldu,  ama hemen vazgeçti.

He/She was  just about to say something, but soon changed his/her mind.

Conditional

Bir şey söyleyecek olsa, kalkar söyler.

If  He/She is [were] to say something, he/she gets up [would get up] and says [would say] it.

AZ KALDI 

AZ KALSIN 

When we want to say  that something almost happened we use "az kaldı " or "az kalsın" followed by the verb representing the action.

The verb following az kalsın or az kaldı ends either in -iyordum or -ecektim.

No other form can be used.

The idea this form conveys is : A little more and this would have happened.

- Az kalsın elimi kesiyordum. --> I almost cut my hand.

- Az kalsın köpeği ezecektik. --->  We almost ran over the dog.

- Az kaldı fincanı düşürecektin. ---> You almost dropped the cup.

- Az kalsın kayık batacaktı. ---->  The boat almost sank.

- Az kaldı merdivenden düşüyordum. --->  I almost fell down the stairs.

* Az daha is also used in the same way.

 -ELİ

This form is very smilar to - den beri.

To specify a period of time begining with some action in the past and continuing up to the present, we place -eli after the verb stem indicating that action.

- Buraya geleli hiç nezle olmadım. ---> I haven´t had a cold since I came here.

- Evi satalı üç defa apartman değiştirdim. ----> Since I sold the house I have changed apartments three times.

* The -eli suffix can only be used with a verb stem. This is one of the points in which it differs from the -den beri form.

The other important difference is that the -eli form is used when the whole period is measured and not the activity during that period.

- Ali işini bırakalı üç ay oluyor. ---> It is 3 months now since Ali quit his job.

* -eli marks the begining of a period. It does not indicate person or take personal endings if the subject of the verb with -eli is other than the subject of the main clause, it should be indicated by the appropriate noun or pronoun.

-Sen gideli hiç bir şeyde zevk kalmadı. ---> Since you´ve gone there is no joy left in anything.

* A second characteristic of this form is that it can be used with a negative verb.

- Ondan mektup almayalı kaç ay oluyor ? ---> How long [How many months] it has been since you last heard from him ? 

  Word duplication with "M"

Repetition of a word or a portion of a word is a very common point in Turkish. There is a pattern where the repeated word always begins with m, but otherwise identical to the word that goes it and serves as the model.

* If the word begins with a vowel , and m is added to the begining of the word.

Adam madam

Ev mev

Işık mışık

İnek minek 

Uyku muyku 

Ördek mördek

* If the word begins with a consonat other than m, the consonant is replaced by m in the word.

Kadın madın

Toımbul mombul

Su mu

Kemal memal

Yazı mazı

* If the word begins with an m, then we use the word "falan ", "filan", instead of repeating the word.

Masa filan

Mektup falan

* This form serves to extend the meaning of the first word to include smilar things.

When we say , "Odada dolap molap yok", we mean " There are no cupboards or things like cupboards in the room "

- Bahçede çiçek miçek görmedim. ---> I didn´t see any flowers or anything resembling a flower.

* The repetition of a word with change of the initial consonant to m is possible with any word and it is very widely used.

* Sometimes it is used when upset/angry like : 

- Ekmek mekmek almam ben ! ---> I won´t buy any bread or something like that !

- Kahve mahve yapmam ben ! ---> I won´t make any coffee or something like that !

- Şeker meker yok sıze ! ---> No sugar or something like that for you ! 

 Haydi [Hadi]

This word is said to encourage or urge a person on ---->

Haydi iş başına !  ----> Come on ! Back to work !

Haydi ne bekliyorsun ! ---> Come on! What are you waiting for ?

Haydi oğlum, çabuk ol !  ----> Come on son, hurry up !

* When doubled , especially the contracted form "hadi", it means " Come on..", "Get off it "

Hadi hadi ! Kimi aldatıyorsun ?

  Henüz

still/only/yet/just

- Bunları anlayabilmek için henüz çok küçüksün.

You are still too young to be able to understand these.

- Henüz saat üç ! 

It´s only three o´clock.

- Henüz saat üç bile değil !

It´s not even three o´clock yet !

- Kapı çalındığında henüz kalkmıştık.

When the doorbell rang we had just got up.

- Kapı çalındığında henüz kalkmamıştık.

When the doorbell rang we had not got up yet.

-dIğı gibi  ......... dI

 If there ıs a certain rapidity or violence in an action we add –diği gibi  to the initial act followed by the past, future, aorist , etc. verb representing the second act.

-Kitabı masadan aldığı gibi yere attı.

He/She snatched the book from the table and threw it on the floor.

- Yakasından tuttuğum gibi dışarı attım. 

I grabbed him by the collar and threw him out.

* There is a strong stress on the first verb that falls on the verb root. This is very important, otherwise the form may mean something else.

tuttuğum gibi  ----> attım.

* "gibi " here is a mere function word, and no longer has the meaning of "like".

* The verb representing the second action may be in the past, future, aorist , etc.. depending upon when the action took place.

- Bak sana söylüyorum, seni tuttuğu gibi yere vurur.

I am warning you, he´ll grab you and slam you to the ground.

Vurduğu gibi kırıyor.  ---> One blow and he smashes it.

* Two actions follow one another with great speed and acceleration between the actions.

- Aldığı gibi gitti. ---> As soon as he took it he left.

-Çaldığı gibi kaçtı. ---> He stole it and was gone !

-Yattığım gibi uyudum. ---> I fell asleep as soon as I went to bed.

 -dir 

If the speaker feels what he/she says is probable, he adds -dir to the end of the verb.

Hasta.  -----> He/She is sick.

Hastadır. ---> He/She must be sick.

This form is used with the -iyor, -ecek and -miş forms. It is not used with the -di and -ir forms or the combined form -iyormuş.

* It is placed after the personal endings and changes according to vowel harmony.

- Unutmuşsun.  ------> You have forgotten. [ I realize ]

- Unutmuşsundur. -----> You probably have forgotten.

-----------------------

- Biliyor. ----> He/She knows. [I know he/she knows]

- Biliyordur. ---> He/She probably knows. 

-----------------------

- Gördüm. ----> I saw it.

- Görmüşümdür. ----> I probably saw it. [ I must have seen it, but I can´t really remember. ]

---------------------------

O da gidecek. ---> He/She is going, too.

O da gidecektir. ---> It is probable that he/she is going too.

Hiç olmazsa /Hiç değilse

This conjunctions can function as "bari, en azından " ---> at least 

- Çok yorgunsun, hiç olmazsa biraz dinlen.

  You are very tired, at least get some rest.

- Hiç olmazsa bayrama kadar kalın.

  Stay at least until the bayram .

- Fatma hiç değilse arada uğrar, sen telefon bile etmiyorsun.

 Fatma at least comes over time to time, you don´t even phone [me].

- Kendin dinlemiyorsun,  hiç değilse ses yapma.

You don´t listen at least don´t make noise.

  Gerunds of Cause

There are quit few gerunds that form the cause of main verb in compound sentences. - because, because of,   in order to.

-diğinden

[-diğimden,- diğinden, -diğimizden,- diğinizden, - diklerinden ]

O, başını kapıya vurduğundan ağlıyor.

Because he/she hit his/her head on the door, he/she is crying.

Bunu seni düşündüğümden söylüyorum.

I am saying this because I care for you.

- eceğinden [dolayı ]

O, yakında Avrupa´ya gideceğinden dolayı heyecanlanıyor.

He is getting excited because he will go to Europe soon.

-mekten [maktan ]

Çok uyumaktan gözlerim şişmiş.

I´ve noticed that my eyes got swollen because of too much sleep. [sleeping too much]

Çok çalışmaktan başıma ağrı girdi.

I got headache because of studying too much.

-mek için [-mak için]

Dinlenmek için bir ağacın dibine oturdum.

I sat under a tree in order to get rest.

- diği için 

Hasan Almanya´ya gittiği için annesi çok üzülüyor.

Because Hasan went to Germany his mother is very upset.

-eceği için [acağı için]

Ders başlayacağı için herkes sustu.

Because the lesson is going to start everybody got quit.

Paronomasia

In Turkish , there are some words comes  before the action and become inseperable part for those particular actions. They are smilar-sounding with the verb. It may also be a tool which a verb is derived of.

-yağmur yağmak ---> to rain

But it is literally,   to rain the rain

- yazı yazmak ---> to write

 Literally , to write the writing.

This is a general description of the verb "to write", of course, we can use other words in order to be more specific.

kitap yazmak - to write a book

mektup yazmak - to write a letter

- ütü ütülemek ---> to iron

Literally , to iron the iron

- yemek yemek ----> to eat

Literally , to eat the meal

etc..

Semantic exceptions  of  -Ar     -maz 

As we know that the counterpart of -Ar [er,ir,ur,ür] ........- maz/mez construction in English is as soon as ....