In Turkish , when "n" comes just before "b" , the "n" changes into "m" ;

Çenber  ---> Çember

Tenbel ----> Tembel

Çarşanba ---> Çarşamba

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* Note that this rule doesnt apply to Compound words and Proper Nouns such as ;

- Sonbahar,

- İstanbul

- Safranbolu

Vowel Narrowing ;

When Verb Stems ends with wide vowels [a,e] and takes -yor suffix [proggressive tense], the wide vowels are replaced with narrow vowels [ı,i,u,ü].

ağla -yor ----> ağlıyor

söyle - yor ---> söylüyor

bekle - yor ----> bekliyor

de - yor -------> diyor

ye - yor -------> yiyor

Consonant Softening ;

When a suffix starts with a vowel comes after a word that ends with [p,ç,t,k] hard consonants; the hard consonants turn into the soft consonants [b,c,d,g/ğ].

p --------> b

ç --------> c

t --------> d

k --------> g/ğ

kitap + ı ---> kitabı

ağaç + a ---> ağaca

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renk + i ------> rengi

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bebek + i ----> bebeği

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Exceptions ;

This doesnt apply to the some words ;

a. Majority of one syllable words.

tank + ı --> tankı

tek + i ---> teki

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b. In loanwords [foreign origin words]

millet + i ---> milleti

cumhuriyet + e ---> cumhuriyete

hukuk + un ----> hukukun

sanat + a ----> sanata

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c. In Proper Nouns it is applied in Verbal, but it is not applied in writing

Ahmet´in

Zonguldak´a

Sevinç´e

bile - even,already

This is additive connective which means "even, already" , and it

- Ben bile bunu yapamam ---> Even I can not do this.

- Mektubu gönderdim bile --> I already sent the letter.

- Ev bile almış ---> He/She even bought a house.

- Sigarayı bıraktım bile ---> I already quit smoking.

Sometimes adjectival  phrases which are parts of indefinite noun phrases can be placed in the position following the predicate.

*Masada bir kalemim vardı ucu kırık.

I had a pen on the table , which its end broken.

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* Bu bahçede bir çiçek vardır hoş kokulu.

There is a flower in this garden which is odorous.[which has beautiful smell]

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* Okulda bir kız vardı melek yüzlü.

There was a girl at school who had an angel face. [angelic face]

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* Bu mahallede bir ev vardı yeşil boyalı.

There was a house in this neighbourhood which its painted in green. [in green]

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Most of the time Loan Words breaks the rules of Vowel Harmony.

Masum

Kalem

Lobi 

Mürâcaat

Tesekkür

Vilayet

etc.....

There are some Nouns that are derived from Verbs by taking -Ga,-Gı. 

            [ Deverbal Nominal ]

Verb stem + Ge,Ga, Gı, Gi,Gu,Gü

Bil [to know] + ge = [Bilge] --> Wise [person]

Al [to take] + gı = [Algı] -----> Sense, feeling

Gör [to see] + gü = [Görgü] ---> Good manners

Sev [to love] + gi = [Sevgi] ----> Love,affection

Der [ to gather] + gi = [Dergi] ---> Magazine

Ser [ to lay,to spread out] + gi = [Sergi] = exhibition,display

Bil [to know] + gi = [Bilgi] ---->Data, Info.

Ör [to knit] + gü = [Örgü] ----->Knitting

Sor [ to ask] + gu = [Sorgu] ----->inquiry

Sil [to erase,to rub] + gi = [Silgi] -----> Rubber, Eraser

It is nice to know a Turkish word and then discover how it is put together. It makes words easier to remember. The Turkish word for computer is Bilgisayer. From the above I guess it translates as "data it counts" or phrased better in English "it counts data"

Another word I came across that breaks down nicely like this is Ayakabiboyasi (shoe polish)or foot-cover paint.

I have a number of Turkish textbooks, but none of them make any emphasis on the breakdown of Turkish nouns into their constituent part meaning. For me it is something I have gradually been discovering as a student. I think teachers could set excersises for students to break down common nouns. This would help them to remember common words and guess a meaning of a new word by trying to work it out.