Initial reduplication

The repetition of the initial vovel of the underlined words below plus /p/ form a kind of prefix serving as an intensifier of the meaning. This prefix is used with some adjectives and a few adverbs.

apaçık 

Hakime her şeyi apaçık anlattılar. ---> They told the judge everything very clearly.

ıpıslak

Yağmurdan ıpıslak olduk. ---> We became all wet from the rain.

ipince

Bu ipince bluzla üşümüyor musun ?  ----> Aren´t you [feeling] cold wearing such a thin blouse ?

apaydınlık

upuzun

epeski

üpüzgün

 The abilitative suffix

The abilitative suffix -Abil  :

-ebil/-abil

* "i" remains unchanged.

* -[y]e/[y]a  are used preceding the negative suffix -me to form negative verb stems.

* In affirmative form [y]ebil also expresses permissibility, possibility,andprobability in addition to ability.

* Possibility and probability are expressed by participles with -ır  and -ıyor, the latter being used rather rarely. The intended denotations are determined contextually.

* In negative forms ability and permisibility are the only denotationsexpressed.

* Possibility and probability are expressable in the negative by a different verb form ---> çalış-ma-yabil + ir + im ---> I may not work 

* There is still another verb form which expresses combinely both ability-permissibility and possibility-probability in the negative ---> çalış + a + ma + [y]abil + ir + im ---> I may not be able to work

çalış - abil - mek  --->  to be able to work

[Ben] çalış - abil -iyor- um ----> I am able to [can/may] work. [continuous]

[Ben] çalış -abil -ir -im ----> I am able to [can,may,might] work [general]

[Ben] çalış - abil -eceğ -im ---> I am going to be able to work.

[Ben] çalış -abil-miş-im  ----> [Reportedly] I was able to [could] work.

[Ben] çalış -abil -di- m ----> I was able to [could] work.

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çalış -a - ma -mak ----> not to be able to work

[Ben] çalış -a -mı- yorum. ---> I am not be able to[can´t] work. [continuous]

[Ben] çalış -a - ma- m ---> I am not be able to [can´t] work. [general]

[Ben] çalış -a - ma- yacağım ---> I am not going to be able to work.

[Ben] çalış - a - ma -mış -ım --> [Reportedly] I wasn´t be able to [couldn´t] work.

[Ben] çalış - a - ma -dı- m  ---> I wasn´t able to [couldn´t] work.

Example of İnformal / Formal Speech 

Informal  Speech                                 Formal  Speech or Writing

Fiyatlar  artıyor.                                   Fiyatlar  artmaktadır

Prices are increasing [ Prices are going up ]

Fiyatlar artacak.                                   Fiyatlar artacaktır.

 Prices will [are going to ] increase.

Fiyatlar  arttı.                                       Fiyatlar artmıştır.

 Prices [have] increased. [Prices have gone up]

Subordinate Sentence with -mI

Sometimes question suffix -mi may be used to combine subordinate sentence with the main sentence.

Yaz  geldi  mi       tatile  giderdik.

Subordinate S.                 Main Sentence

When the summer came we used to go to holiday.

Gülmeye başladı mı     onu durduramazsın.

Subordinate S.              Main Sentence

Once he starts laughing you can´t stop him.

Güldü mü         dişleri  bembeyaz  parlardı.

Subordinate S.             Main Sentence

Whenever he/she smiles, his/her teeth shone so white.

 Polite imperative -ınız

The formal imperative suffix -[y] INIZ denotes extra formality and politeness. More frequently encountered in formal written language, it is used  in adressing especially plural second persons. We see this form mostly in the warning or informative signs.

- Lütfen asansörün kapısını açık bırakmayınız.

"Please don´t leave the elevator door open "

- Lütfen bozuk para veriniz.

" Please give small money " 

- İçeri girerken ayakkabılarınızı çıkartınız.

"Please take off your shoes when you enter in."

-  Trende kabuklu yiyecekler yemeyiniz.  

"Please don´t consume[eat] shelled -food."

- Müzenin içinde resim çekmeyiniz.

"Please don´t take picture inside the museum."

-dIr with Present Continuous Tense

When -dIr comes in the end of present CT. suffixed verb, it gives the meaning of "strong probability / possibility of something happening " 

It conveys the strong probability that something is happening in the way that speaker guess/thinks.

- Sen de biliyorsundur...... ---> You probably also know that........

- Şu an buraya geliyordur. ---> He is most probably coming here now.

- Şimdi yemek yiyorlardır. Rahatsız etmeyelim. ---> They must be eating now. Let´s not disturb them.

Demonstrative Pronouns with suffix of equality 

Demonstrative pronouns  bu,şu, o   can take suffix of equality -ca/ -ce  and they mean this much / so much / this many /that many /so many / so much which function as  adjectives.

bu+ n + ca ---> bunca

Bunca zamandır neredeydin ? --> Where have you been [this] so long ?

şu + n + ca ---> şunca

Şunca zamandır Fransızca öğreniyorsun ama hala konuşamıyorsun.

You have been studying French quite long time but still you can´t speak it.

o + n + ca ---> onca 

Onca işi bırakıp nereye gitti ? 

Where [an earth] did he/she go leaving that much job behind.

                                                           [so much]

Adjectival Phrase  -----> Noun Phrase 

Sometimes in verbal and written language we swap the elements [describer and described]  in adjectival phrases  by  adding possessive  suffix. By doing that we refer certain  member[s] of  a group[category].

In other words adjective phrase transforms into a noun phrase form.

Kırmızı         karpuz  --->   Red  watermelon 

[describer]  [described]

Karpuzun    kırmızısı--->  The red one[s] of water melons.  

[described]  [describer]

The red one[s] of other water-melons.  When we make a statement such as ;

Karpuzun  kırmızısını  severim. ------>  I like the red one[s] of  water-melons. [ In other words, I like the red water-melon[s]]

=================================================================

Dürüst   insan  --->  Honest  person.

İnsanın   dürüstü ---> The honest  one[s]  of  people. [ the honest person[s] from all other people]

================================================================

According to some views ; this form should be categorized as noun phrase  structurally but  adjectival  phrase  semantically.

- aydı [eydi]

 This suffix may be used with past wishing expressions.

        I wish.......................................

      Verb stem + eydi + personal suffix 

- Keşke biz de oraya gideydik. ---> I wish we had gone there too.

- Keşke buraya hiç gelmeyeydin. ---> I wish you never came here.

- Keşke bu parayı almayaydım. ---> I wish I did´nt take that money.

- Keşke ona güveneydim. ---> I wish I had trusted in him/her.

Crescendo effect

  Stress on Turkish sentences gets stronger gradually towards to direction of  verb which is normally in the end of a sentence.

In other words, the stress actually is on the verb. The importance of other elements [Subject, Object, Time....] is determined according to their distance to the verb. Kind of crescendo effect occurs as the element approach to verb, the level of stress/importance increases.

Dün Hasan camı kırdı. ---> Hasan broke the window yesterday.

Dün camı Hasan kırdı.---> It was Hasan who broke the window yesterday.

Hasan dün camı kırdı.--->  Hasan broke the window which is happened yesterday.

Hasan camı dün kırdı. ---> It was yesterday when Hasan broke the window.

Camı dün Hasan kırdı. --->Yesterday it was Hasan that broke the window.

Camı Hasan dün kırdı. --->Yesterday Hasan broke the window.

Meğer [meğerse]

This introduces a clause giving the true facts as against what we mistakenly thought were true.

- Ben onu bekar sanıyordum meğer evliymiş.

I thought she was single but I found out that she´s  married.

- Ben onun gittiğini sanıyordum meğerse gitmemiş.

I thought he had gone, but he hadn´t.

The important point to remember about meğer is that the true facts are something you discover later. It is for this reason that the verb of the clause following meğer is always in the -miş form.

We can not say , - O beni bekar sanıyor meğer evliyim. You know you are married. This is not the sort of thing one discovers later.