Present simple tense (Geniş zaman)

GENERAL RULES

1. -r comes when the verb stem ends with a consonant 

söyle-r

oku-r

yürü-r

2.  -ar  -er comes when the verb stem is one syllable 

bak-ar

yaz-ar

sor-ar

Note : The following 13 verbs do NOT  obey the above rule 

gel-ir, al-ır, bil-ir, var-ır, gör-ür, kal-ır, bul-ur, ver-ir, öl-ür, vur-ur, ol-ur, san-ır, dur-ur

3.   After multi-syllable verb stems that ends with consonant, -ır, -ir, -ur, -ür  comes 

çalış-ır

konuş-ur

öğren-ir

götür-ür

sevin-ir

It is actually "değişik " = different 

Doğru !  [Correct !]

There are also two words that are exceptions when they take possesive suffix ;

Su [water]  and Ne [what] appear in different form when they take possesive suffix ;

Su + y + um = Suyum [My water ] [ instead of "sum" ]

Su + y + un = Suyun [Your water ] [ instead of "sun" ]

Su + y + u =  Suyu [ His/Her/its water] [ instead of "susu" ]

etc.....

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Ne [what] + y + im --> Neyim [ what ......of me]

Ne [what] + y + in ---> Neyin [ what ......of you ]

Ne [what] + [y] + [s]i ---> Neyi [ what ......of he/she]

etc...

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Note : * For the word "Ne" the normal forms [ Nem, Nen, Nesi,Nemiz,Neniz,Neleri] are also acceptable however the exceptional forms [Neyim, Neyin, Neyi , Neyimiz,Neyiniz,Neleri] are used commonly.

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-dir 

dır -dir -dur -dür 

tır - tir - tur - tür

When -dir suffix attached on predicates [noun/verb predicate ] , it adds"possibility/guess " or "certanity" meanings.

- Şimdiye eve varmıştır. ---> He/She probably arrived home by now.[ probability ]

- Sigara sağlığa zararlıdır. --> [Smoking] Cigarette is bad for health.

[ It is a certain fact that smoking is bad for health ]

- Babam çok iyi bir insandır. ---> My father is a very good person. 

[ This is a certain fact that I belive, that my father is a very good person]

- Dedemi uzun zamandır görmedim. Yaşlanmıştır. ---> I haven´t seen my grandfather, He probably got older. 

[ It is strongly possible that my grandfather got older]

Ta 

This Persian origin word is used as adverb that may function  as  until, since… It exaggeratedly tells us the beginning point  of an action/movement/thing  or the ending point of  an action/movement/thing , in terms of time and distance.

- Ta  oralar kadar gittim. === I went until that place !

  * In the sence of above  there is sense of exaggerating the distance of the place[ oralarA ]

-  Ta  Rusya’ya  kadar gitmiş  !---- He went until  Russia.

-  Bunu ta  İzmir’den getirdim ! ----- I brought this from İzmir !

- Ta gelecek aya kadar ödeme yapılmayacak  - The payment won´t be done until next month.

- Ta buralara kadar gelmiş !  ----- He/She  came  all the way  here !

-ki  suffix

This suffix  turns nouns into words which are used as  adjectives and pronouns.  It creates two forms of  words,

a)  When it comes on to  some words with locative case suffix –da  -de , it forms nouns which are used as  adjectives ,

duvar = wall

duvarda  =  on the wall

duvardaki  resim  =  the picture [that is ]on the wall

bilgisayar – computer

bilgisayarda – in the computer

bilgisayardaki  dosya – the file [that is] in the computer

b)  It comes on nominative , genitive and locative cases of  nouns and  it forms  nouns which are used as  pronouns,

 Pronoun  of  uncertainity

 -  Sokaktakini   tanıyor musun ?

     Do you know  the one [that is  on the street ?

   Pronoun of  belongingness

- Benim arabam burada. Sizinki nerede  ? 

My car is here. Where is yours [your one ] ?