hiç intensifies the meaning of negation markers –mA, değil and yok. Apart from hiç there are other adverbials that also modify the exact meaning of sentence negation:

artık: In affirmative and negative sentences it always marks a turning point. With –mA, değil and yok it says what once was is not any more.

Artık beklemeyeceğim. ‘I am done with waiting.’

asla, katiyen: The speaker is sure the event is never going to take place.

Karısından asla özür dilemez. ‘He is certainly not going to apologize his wife.’

Evlenmeden önce katiyen olmaz. ‘It’s definitely impossible before marriage.’

pek: The speaker wants to reduce the absoluteness of the negation.

O konuşmadan pek bir şey hatırlamıyorum. ‘I don’t remember much about that speech.’

o kadar: The utterance includes a considerable amount of negation.

Aslında dondurmayı o kadar sevmiyorum. ‘Actually I’m not fond of ice-cream at all.’

(Lewis, Göksel - Gerslake etc.)

My Try:

The door is opened. It´s enough that you know how to knock. When it is not time for it to be opened it´s enough that at that point you know how to stop.

(Wait for someone to check it, keçi, I´m not certain.)

When I pass the primary school yard in my home town in Finland I notice the same thing. The school is very international, 40 per cent of the pupils come from immigrant backgrounds. The biggest groups are from Iraq, Somalia and from Kurdi areas in different coutries. The boys play football against the fence and when they argue about the rules the most usual word is wallahi. And it´s not only foreigners who are using it but the blue-eyed blondes also.

Ok, as long as we don´t forget that most people are friendly, emphatic, unselfish and ready to help. To the extent that it surprises me over and over. These qualities are as typical to humans than cruelty and greed, which are often the fruit of ignorance.

Nil Karaibrahimgil, Rüzgar

My hope is to learn to talk about language in Turkish. It´s not easy. The first attempt is here. Please correct me.

1. Don’t trust your dictionary alone. Sadece değil sözlüğünüze güveniniz.

2. One of the elementary errors students make is choosing the wrong translation from a dictionary entry. Öğrencilerin yaptıkları basit hatalardan biri sözlük girdisinden yanlış çevirinin seçilmesidir.

3. This typically happens when the translator doesn’t know the meaning of one of the words he is working with. Bu durum genellikle çevirmen çalıştığı sözlerin anlamını bilmediğinde ortaya çıkar.

4. To remedy this you may want to check a monolingual dictionary as they usually offer more complete definitions. Bu durumu düzeltmek için belki daha tamam tanımlar veren tek dilli bir sözlük kontrol etmek istiyorsunuz.

5. Also, try looking up the likely translation to make sure that it “translates back” to the source language correctly. Kaynak dile doğru bir şekilde geri çevrilmesinden emin olmak için bir de muhtemel çeviriyi aramaya çalışınız.

5. If you are still unsure, ask the organization or a native speaker. Daha da eminsiz olursanız örgüte veya doğal bir konuşucuya sorunuz.

6. If translators don´t have the opportunity to visit the country where the source language is spoken very often, they should ask native friends to explain things they can´t find in the dictionary. Çevirmenler kaynak dili konuştuğu ülkeyi ziyaret etmek için çok fırsat bulunursalar yerli arkadaşlarından sözlükten bulmadıkları söz anlatmayı rica etmeliler.

7. Remember perfection is laudable, but not always attainable. Mükemmellik övgüye değer olsa da ona her zaman ulaşılamadığını hatırlayınız.

8.  Medical documents, legal texts, and contracts are just some examples of works in which the quality of your translation can be very significant and mistakes could be very damaging for the organization you are trying to help. Medikal doküman, yasal belge ve sözleşmeler, çevirisin niteliği belirli olup hata yardım etmeye çalıştığınız örgüte çok zararlı olabileceği işlere örneklerdir.

9. Don’t be afraid to rearrange or rebuild sentences – well-expressed ideas are far more important than consistent grammar. Cümleler yeniden düzenleyip inşa etmekten korkmayınız. İyi bir şekilde ifade edildiği fikirler uygun dilbilgisinden çok daha önemli.

10. Always translate into your native language unless you are near native or bilingual in the second language. İkinci dilde hemen hemen doğal veya ikidilli olmazsanız hep anadilinize çeviriniz.

11. If you do decide to translate into a non-native language, we strongly suggest finding a native speaker to check your work over before you submit it to the customer. Her şeye rağmen gayri anadilinize çevirmeye karar verirseniz müşteriye vermeden önce işinizi kontrol edebilen doğal bir konuşucu bulmanızı çok tavsiye ederiz.

I think I know this.

Seni özlüyorum means continuing action. Someone can say this to you when the feeling is not over. I guess you can read it in a message, hear in on the phone. The speaker feels when he doesn’t see you it’s not enough reason for the longing to stop. I don’t think anyone can say Seni özlüyorum face to face (it would be very poetic).

If the speaker uses past tense Seni özledim he wants to say that the feeling is over for now because he sees you or he is in contact with you in another way that satisfies him and puts an end to the feeling of distance for the time being.

It is basically a question of aspect, a point of view, how the speaker wants to describe his feeling.

sufler, I think we could find the same in Polish because you deal with complicated aspect also, am I right? (We could deal with Polish better if you named the morphemes in the sentence, though. Our Polish is too bad.)

I don´t think the use of genitive in compounds is so much tied to the definiteness or indefiniteness of the parts of the wholeness but more to the relationship between them. Genitive is used when there is an owner and an owned or a situation which with some good will could be imagined to be such a relationship.

This is pure speculation, read this just for fun, sufler, until the masters come and clean the table for us. But what came to my mind is

          operasyon sonra|sı

denotes a time that doesn´t really belong to the operation, it means ´the time after it´. It shows even in the corresponding postposition structure which governs ablative:

          operasyon|dan sonra.

If we talk about a period of time which is during the operation but in the last part of it we would say, I guess

          operasyon|un son|u|n|da.

I was wondering here what made your suggestion

           He has become feared

impossible even though at first sight it makes sense. I think the reason is that active participle is typically an attribute, not a predicative. An attribute modifies the next noun, not the verb. The next noun here doesn´t show: the frightening (thing). But that is pretty usual in Turkish.

kork|ul|an ol|du = STEM + PASS + PRESENT (ACTIVE) PARTICIPLE STEM + PAST

My Try:

´the thing that is/was feared, the frightening thing happened´

> ´the (worst) fears became true´