ad tamlaması --->  possessive construction  

sokak kedisi ---> street cat

demir köprü -----> iron bridge

gümüş tepsi -----> silver tray

ağız -----> local dialect

İstanbul ağzı ---> İstanbul dialect.

Konya ağzı -----> Konya dialect.

ara tümce ----> parenthesis sentence  

 Bütün dostları, zaten onun pek dostu da yoktu, kendisini bırakıverdiler.

 His all friends, he hasnt had much friends anyways, left him/her.

Bağlaç ----> conjunction

Ve, veya, veyahut, ile, bile, fakat.....etc.

ile ---> with

bile ---> even

fakat ---> but

ve ---> and

veya ---> or

bağlaçlı özne -----> Subject with conjunction

O ki benim en iyi arkadaşımdı.... ------> O ki

He that [who] was my best friend... ----> he that

Siz de gelin ---> You [plural or polite way to adress] also come.

Adıl [ Zamir ] ----> Pronoun

Ben, sen, o, biz, siz, onlar; kendim, kendin, kendi (kendisi) , kendimiz, kendiniz, kendileri; bu (bunlar) , şu (şunlar) , o (onlar) ; kim (kimi, kime, kimde, kimden, kimin) ; ne (neyi, neye, nede, neden, neyin) ; biri, birisi, birbiri vb.

I, you, he/she/it, they, myself,yourself,himself/herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves,this,these,that,those;who,whose

what,someone....etc..

ad kökü -----> nominal root

The pure noun with no suffix added.

ev, el, baş, araba

addan türeme ad ---->  denominative noun  

A noun that is derived from a noun.

yazlık < yaz+lık ---> yaz = summer  , yazlık = summer house

denizci < deniz+ci ---> deniz = sea,  denizci = sailor

göz [ eye] + lük = gözlük --> glasses

kitap [book] + lık ---> kitaplık ---> bookcase

Anlam daralması -------->  semantic restriction  

A limitation on what other words can go with any particular word, based on the meaning of the latter.

For example " Mal " means in common meaning = all goods , but in restricted meaning "Mal" means = animals, flock of sheep or goats

ad tümcesi ---->  nominal sentence  

 
Türk´üm. ----> I am Turk.

Yorgunsun. ---> You are tired.

Yorgun değilsin. --> You are not tired.

O iyi bir çocuk. ----> He/she is a good child.

bağlaçlı yantümce ----> Relative clause

The clause after conjunction "ki"

Diyorlar ki ekmek fırını bugün kapalı olacakmış. ---> They say that today the bread shop will be closed.

Zannediyorum ki bu akşam Nevin gelir -----> I suppose that Nevin will come tonight.

Bilirim ki Türkçe kolaydır. -----> I know that Turkish is easy.

addan türeme eylem-----> denominative verb    
 

A verb that is derived from a noun.

Evlenmek (ev-le-n-) ---> Ev [house] + len = to get married

başlamak (baş-la-] -----> Baş [head] + la = to start

başarmak (baş-ar-) -----> Baş [head] +ar = to succeed

adıl n si -----> pronominal “n”

This "n" comes between 3.person possesive suffix and noun cases.

Ev + i [3.PS] + n [ pronominal “n”] + e [ Dative case ] ---> Evine ---> to his/her house

Evinde ---> At/in his/her house

Evinden ---> From his/her house

anlam çokluğu -----> Polysemy

A word that has multiple meanings.

Yüz = 1.  Face

Yüz  = 2. Hundred

Yüz =  3.  Side

Yüz =  4.  pillow cover

-----------------------------------------------

There are other Polysemic words such as ; ayak, el, dil, kara, etc..

bağlama ulacı ----> "ıp,ip,up,üp "

These endings are used in place of the conjunction " VE " and does exactly the same job.

Ali bakkala gitti ve bir ekmek aldı. =  Ali bakkala gidip bir ekmek aldı.

[ Ali went to shop and bought a bread ]

******************************************************

Beni gördü ve selam verdi. =  Beni görüp selam verdi.

[He/she saw me and greeted me ]

belgisiz adıl ----> indefinite pronoun  

A pronoun that refers to one or more unspecified beings, objects

Herkes, kimse, falan, filan, biri, çoğu, hepsi, başkası, birçoğu, birkaçı, birazı, birtakımı, bazısı, birbirini ....etc..

So the clause is everything after -ki ? And you even use a verb before ki because that is what would come before the word "that" in English?

Trying examples;

bilir ki gelecek hafta ayrılıyor zor olacakmış

inanırlar ki dünyayı düz olduğu.

Also, is it only for aorist tense verbs (I know, I suppose, they believe)?

Yes, the clause is every sentence, literally : the side sentence conjuncted to the main sentence with "ki". bağlaçlı yantümce

in your examples ;

biliyor ki gelecek hafta onun için zor geçecek ----> He knows that next week will be hard for him.

biliyor ki gelecek hafta oradan ayrılması zor olacak ---> He knows that next week it will be difficult for him to leave there.

are those sentences above what you tried to say ?

İnanırlar ki dünya düzdür ---> They believe that the world is flat.

Dünyanın düz olduğuna inanırlar ---> this way sounds better..

So ;

1. we dont use this form as much as you use in english.  Main sentence + ki + Side sentence that is conjuncted with "ki"

2. Not only with aorist tense.

Diyor ki

Der ki   

Dedi ki 

Diyecek ki 

Demiş ki

Diyebilir ki

Demeli ki

Demesi lazım ki

tunci,

why don´t you add another lesson for this? there is a lessons section in this site.

there is a thread about it:

http://www.turkishclass.com/forumTitle_47266

Si++ , thanks for your suggestion.

belirtme sıfatı -----> determinative adjective  

 Bu kitap ---> This book 

 O adam-----> That man

 hangi ağaç ----> Which tree ?

 ne biçim ? --->  What sort? , what kind ?

 dördüncü ev--->  The fourth house

 kimi insanlar ----> Some people

.......etc....

benzeşmezlik -----> dissimilation, differentiation  

In some words, the consonants are changed into other consonants by some people in daily speak and in some local dialects. [ not in writing]

Correct spelling       transformed spelling [wrong way]

muşamba ----------> muşamma

aktar ---------------> attar

fincan ---------------> filcan

tekrar ----------------> tekral

aşçı  ------------------> ahçı

birader -----------------> bilader

birleşik eylem ----> compound verb, complex verb  

a multi-word compound that acts as a single verb

His [feeling] + s [repeating the last consonant]+ etmek [auxiliary verb ] --> Hissetmek

Hissetmek = to feel

******************************************************************

Kayıp [ Loss,missing ] + Kaybetmek [ "ı" drops and "p" changes into "b" ]

Kaybetmek ----> to lose

Kayıp + etmek [ auxiliary verb ]

******************************************************************

Hasta [ ill,sick] + olmak [  auxiliary verb "to be" ]---->  Hasta olmak = To be sick [ill], to get sick [ill].

******************************************************************

Teşekkür [thank ] + etmek [ auxiliary verb ] ------> Teşekkür etmek = To thank

******************************************************************

birleşik sıfat  -----> compound adjective  

 
beyaz tenli kız ---> white skin  girl. [the girl with white skin ]

beyaz [white] + ten [sking] + li [with] ---> with white skin

****************************************************************

güler yüzlü  ------> smiling face, cheerful face.

****************************************************************

kalın kafalı ---------> with thick head, thick headed, thicko

****************************************************************

bitişken dil ------> agglutinative language  

Turkish is an agglutinative language. The word "agglutinative" is derived from the Latin verb agglutinare, which means "to glue together. In Turkish the roots of the word can not be divided. Instead, the new words  are formed by adding prefixes or suffixes to the words.

Göz --> Eye

Gözlük --> Glasses

Gözlükçü ---> Optician

Gözlüksüz ---> without glasses

Gözlem ---> observation

Gözleme ---> a kind of thin börek cooked on a sheet.

Other  agglutinative languages are Hungarian, Mongolian ...

Cins isim --->  common noun  

Common nouns are general names for people, places and things

 Ev, insan, kedi, dağ, nehir, şehir, düşünce, us, annelik, ordu ..etc..

çekimli eylem ----> finite verb  

The finite forms of a verb are the forms where the verb shows tense, person or number

geldim(gel-di-m) ---> I came.

geldi(get-di)  ------> He/she/it came.

geldin (gel + di-n)---> You came.

geldiniz (gel+di+niz) ---> you[plural] came.

geldik ( gel +di + k) ---> we came.

geldiler (gel +di+ler)----> they came.

*****************************************************************

hastayım(hasta-y-ım) ----> I am ill.

hastasın(hasta-sın)-------> you are ill.

hastasınız ------------> You [plural] are ill.

hasta, hasadır (hasta-dır) ---> he/she/it is ill.

hastayız (hasta-y-iz)--------> we are ill.

hastalar, hastadırlar (hasta-dır-lar) ----> they are ill.

belirsiz özne ----> Impersonal

 In Turkish in some Verbs with 3.person, the subject is sort of  unknown.

 Mektup istemez ---> No need for letter.

 İşte bu kadar!  ----> That´s it !

 Afiyet olsun ! ------> Bon apetite !

 Bundan bana ne !----> What´s it to do with me !

Mektup istemez

In what way is it impersonal? Subject is the letter here.

Literal translation would be:

The letter doesn´t want.

This is an interesting form. I had briefed something about it here:

http://www.turkishclass.com/forumTitle_49726

belirteç [ Zarf ] ----->  adverb

 It is any word that modifies verbs or any part of speech ,
Adverbs typically answer questions such as how?, in what way?, when?, where?, and to what extent?.

Karadenizi  yüzerek geçti. ----> He/she passed Blacksea by swimming.

Yağmur hiç durmadı ----> The rain never stopped.

Pencereden içeri baktım----> I looked inside through the window.

Dün akşam rüyamda seni gördüm --->  I saw you last night in my dream.

Biz her gece oraya gideriz ------> We go there everynight.

Daha güzel bir dünya için çok çalışmalıyız ----> We need to work hard for a better world.

Ne zaman geleceksin ? ---------> When will you come ?

Niçin gökyüzü bu kadar mavi ? ----> Why is the sky so blue ?

 Yes, It is an interesting form.

The literal translation wouldnt sound good as you can see. I mean the subject is not very clear. "Mektup istemez " is more like "No need for letter " If it was ;

"Ahmet mektup istemez " then that would make more sense. And we can easly point the subject out which is " Ahmet "

" Ahmet wouldnt want letter "

belirteç eki ----> Adverb suffix

[zarf eki]

Some suffixes make some nouns adverbs.

ın,ün --->  Yaz [summer] + ın [suffix that makes it adverb] ---> In Summer

            Kış [ winter ] + ın  [suffix that makes it adverb] ----> In winter

            Güz [ Autumn ] + ün [suffix that makes it adverb] ----> In Autumn

            Gündüz [ daytime ] + ün [suffix that makes it adverb] ---> at day time

***************************************************************

ı,i ------> Geceler [nights] + i [suffix that makes it adverb ] ---> at nights

              Sabahlar [mornings] + ı [suffix that makes it adverb ] ----> in the  mornings

              Akşamlar [ evenings ] + ı [suffix that makes it adverb ]-----> in the evenings.

*******************************************************************

leyin ---> Sabah [morning ] + leyin  [suffix that makes it adverb ] ----> In the morning.

               Akşam [evening] + leyin   [suffix that makes it adverb ]-----> In the evening

belirtili nesne -----> determined direct object 

Object that is used with transitive verb [geçişli fiil].

Mustafa evi sattı -----> Mustafa sold the house.

Özlem okumayı sever ---> Özlem likes reading.

Ben sigara içmeyi bıraktım ----> I stopped smoking.

Çocuk yemeğini yiyor -----> The child is eating his/her food.

Gülden televizyonu bozdu ----> Gülden broke the television.

belirtili tamlama-----> genitival construction   

a genitive construction or genitival construction is a type of grammatical construction used to express a relation between two nouns such as the possession of one by another (e.g. "Ali´s jacket").A genitive construction involves two nouns, the head (or modified noun) and the dependent (or modifier noun). The dependent noun modifies the head by expressing some property of it. For example, in the construction "Ali´s jacket", "jacket" is the head and "Ali´s" is the modifier, expressing a property of the jacket (it is owned by Ali ).

Ali´nin ceketi ----> Ali´s jacket.

Evin kapısı -----> The house´s door [ The door of the house]

Onun evi ----> His/Her house

Ayşe´nin gelmesi ----> Ayşe´s coming

Ayşe´nin gelmesi bizi mutlu etti ----> Ayşe´s coming made us happy.

Bilgisayarımın klavyesi -----> My computer´s keyboard.

Onun Türkçesi çok iyi ----> His Turkish is very good.

belirtisiz tamlama ----->  shortened genitival construction  

 
shortened genitival construction as a Semi Compound Noun, they are the denominations which have more common genitive and possesive relations but which are more stressed and continuious. They reveal more various entity sorts and the name of the types as semi-compound noun :

Belediye başkanı konuşacak ---> The city manager will make a speech.

Bahçe duvarı yıkıldı ----> The garden wall collapsed.

Sokak kedisi ---> The street cat.

Van gölü -----> Van Lake

Yazı tahtası----> Writing board

Toros dağları -----> Toros mountains

belirtme durumu ---->  accusative

[-i hali ] [ -ı, -u, -ü; -y-i, -y-ı, -y-ü, -y-u ]

The accusative case of a noun is the grammatical case used to mark the direct object of a transitive verb.

 Evi gördüm ---> I saw the house. ---->  Ev + i

 Bahçeyi toparla ---> Tidy up the garden ----> Bahçe-y-i

 İstanbul´a gitmeyi düşünüyorum ---> I am thinking to go to İstanbul.---> gitme-y-i

 Üzümü yedi ----> He/She/it ate the grape ----> Üzüm-ü

 Türkçeyi nasıl öğrenebilirim ? ---> How can I learn the Turkish language ?--->Türkçe-y-i

birleşik ad  ----->  compound noun  

A compound noun is a noun that is made up of two or more words.

Cumartesi = Saturday -----> Cuma [Friday] + ertesi [the next,the following] = The following day after Friday. [note : "e" drops ]

Pazartesi = Monday ----> Pazar [Sunday] + ertesi [the next,the following] = The following day after Sunday. [note : "e" drops ]

Göktaşı = Meteor ----> Gök [ Sky] + taş [stone] + ı

Gecekondu = house put up quickly without proper permissions ---> Gece [night] + kon [to land] + du [past tense]

Maybe you should consider correcting the typo in the title. (Grammer -> Grammar)

 Eyvallah Mr.Si++ !! , It´s good to see you are reading my posts carefully.

To the extent they show up in this page:

http://www.turkishclass.com/turkish/forum/forumTopics.php

 What´s that about ? It says " Our forum page has moved . Continue to Turkish Class forums "

çıkma durumu [-den hali ]----> ablative case

1. It is  used in some languages to indicate movement away from something, removal, separation. It corresponds roughly to the English prepositions "from", "away from"

Word + [-den,-ten, -tan ]

Evden = From the house  --> Ev + den

Arabadan = From the car ---> Araba +dan

İpekten = From silk ---> İpek + ten

Bu elbise ipekten yapılmış ---> This cloth is made from [of] silk

Çocuktan haberi aldım ---> I got the news from the child.

Ali odadan çıktı ---> Ali has come out from the room.

çocuk sözcüğü ----> nursery word  

The words that babies and small kids use.

For example ;

 Atta ---> means " to go out, to go walking "

 havhav---> means " dog" and "barking sound"

 mama ---> means " food "

 çoğul ----> Plural

Words can be made plural by  adding - lar, -le                                                                                        

 Kitap [book] ---> Kitaplar [books]

 Kalem [Pen] -----> Kalemler [pens]

 Öğrenci [student] ---> Öğrenciler [students]

Dar ünlü ----> Narrow vowel.

ı, i, u, ü

dokunak vurgusu  ---->  pathetic accent  

 
The type of stress in exclamations that states pain,compassion  such as ;

Eyvaaah! ----->My God ! , How awful !

yazııık ! ---> What a pity !

vaah vaah!  ----> What a pity  !

etc...

dönüşlü adıl -----> reflexive pronoun

Kendim ---> Myself

Kendin ---> Yourself

Kendi [Kendisi] ---> Himself / Herself

Kendimiz --->  Ourselves

Kendiniz ----> Yourselves

Kendileri ---> Themselves

Kendisi bilir  ----> He, himself knows.

Kendimi iyi hissetmiyorum --> I [myself] am not feeling good ]

Onu kendim yapacağım ----> I´ll do it myself

Sen kendini düşünmelisin  ---> You should think[care] of yourself.

Duygu ünlem i ----> Exclamations of Emotions

 A ! ---> 1.[surprise]used to show astonishment --> A ! Ne güzel ev --> Ah what a lovely house !

              2. (used to show mild anger or exasperation): A! Fazla ileri gittin artık! ---> Look, now you´ve gone too far!

 A! Beni sinirlendiriyorsun artık! Look here, you´re beginning to make me angry now.

*****************************************************************

 Ay ! ---> [This is used by women mostly ] 1. Oh! (exclamation of surprise) : Ay, burada biri var! Oh, there is someone here.
2. Ouch! (exclamation of pain) : Ay, ayağım! Ouch, my foot!

******************************************************************

Vay ! ----->1. Oh! (showing surprise).
2. Oh!/Ouf! (showing pain).
3. Woe be to ...!: Vay başıma! Woe is me!

*******************************************************************

 Aferin ! -----> Well done ! , Bravo  !

Aferin sana ----> Well done to you !

*******************************************************************

yaşa ! ---> Long live  ! , viva ! , hurray !

düz ünlü ----->  unrounded vowels  

 
a, e, ı, i 

edilgen eylem ----->  passive verb  
 

The patient is being examined by the doctor --> Hasta doktor tarafından muayene ediliyor.

The patient is going to be examined by the doctor --> Hasta doktor tarafından muayene edilecek.

The patient was examined by the doctor ---> Hasta doktor tarafından muayene edildi.

*******************************************************************

The store was robbed last night ---> Mağaza dün akşam soyuldu.

He was elected president ---> O başkan seçildi.

******************************************************************

temizlemek = to clean  

temizlenmek = to be cleaned

******************************************************************

okumak = to read

okunmak = to be read

******************************************************************

saymak = to count

sayılmak = to be counted

******************************************************************

öğrenmek = to learn

öğrenilmek = to be learned

******************************************************************

öğretmek = to teach

öğretilmek = to be taught

Polite orders:

Çekiniz !                                      (Please,) Pull
İtiniz !                                          (Please,)  Push
El sürmeyiniz !                           (Please,) Don´t touch (with your hands)
Sigara içmeyiniz!                       (Please,) Don´t smoke
Cimenlere basmayınız !             (Please, )Don´t step on the lawn

emir kipi----->  imperative    [expresses a command or request]

Gel --> Come

Gelsin ---> Tell him/her to come

Geliniz --> Come [you [plural] ] --> Come you all.

Gelsinler ---> Tell them to come

emir tümcesi  -----> imperative sentence   [sentence of command]

Buraya gel. ---> Come here.

Perdeleri yıka ---> Wash the curtains.

Bu işi birlikte yapın ---> Do this job together.

Bunları onlar temizleyecek ---> They will clean these.

[Söyle ona ] Arabaya binsin ---> Tell him/her to get in the car.

eş sesli sözcükler -----> Homonym  

The words that are spelled same but meaning different.

 kara ----> Black

 kara ----> Land

***************

 Çay ----> Tea

 Çay ----> Stream,small river

***************

 Yaş ----> Age

 Yaş ----> Wet

***************

 Yüz -----> Hundred

 Yüz -----> Face

***************

eşanlamlı sözcükler -----> synonym 
 

The words that are spelled differently but meaning same.

Kara ----> Black

Siyah ---> Black

**************

Beyaz ---> White

Ak ------> White

**************

Yıl ------> Year

Sene ----> Year

**************

Surat ----> Face

Çehre ----> Face

*************

Dil -------> Language

Lisan -----> Language

*************

Al --------> Red

Kırmızı ----> Red

*************

Araba -----> Car

Otomobil ---> Car

*************

Armağan ----> Present [gift]

Hediye ------> Present [gift]

*************

Yanıt -------> Answer

Cevap -------> Answer

*************

Cimri ------> Stingy

Pinti -------> Stingy

*************

eşitlik derecesi-----> equative degree  

The structure that is formed by using "gibi" and " kadar" prepositions.

Ali kadar çalışkan çocuk yoktur ---> There is no child as hardworking as Ali.

Senin gibi birisini bulamam ---> I can´t find someone like you.

Türkçe düşündüğün kadar zor bir dil değil=Turkish is not a difficult language as you think.

Onlar gibi olmak istemiyorum ----> I don´t want to be like them.

Kimse onun kadar güzel değil ----> Nobody is as beautiful as her.

etken eylem----> active verb  
 

The verb that its subject is known.

Ayşe kediyi çok sever ---> Ayşe likes cat alot. [ who likes cat ? Ayşe , so subject [Ayşe] is known here ]

Hatice yeni bir elbise almış ---> [I heard that] Hatice bought a new garment. [ Who bought a new garment ? Hatice, so subject " Hatice" is known ]

I love the way even Turkish grammatical terms are transparent.

belir|t|me sıfatı: belirmek ´to become definite´ + causative -t- > the pronoun that makes the object known

belir|siz özne: the subject which is ´known + without´

benz|eş|mez|lik: the phenomen that something ´resembles each other´ + not

dön|üş|lü adıl: the pronoun that ´turns to itself´

etken >< ed|il|gen eylem: the passive marking inside the word, compare with edilmek ´to be done´.

As a result of the mentioned transparency:

Ettirgen eylem - factitive verb

Oldurgan eylem - causative verb

Not sure if there are such terms. Just speculating!

Edit: Even

Ettirilgen eylem - passive of factitive verb

Oldurulgan eylem - passive of causative verb

ettirgen eylem ---> causative verb

Causative verb in Turkish is formed by adding  -ir-, -tir- or -t onto the Verb Stems.

Arabasını yıkattı --> He got his car washed. [ He has his car washed]

Arabasını Hakana yıkattı ---> He made Hakan wash his car.

Arabasını Hakana yıkatıyor ---> He is making Hakan wash his car.

Arabasını Hakana yıkatacak ---> He is going to make Hakan wash his car.

*****************************************************

Oğluna bir mektup yazdırdı. [yazdırttı] ---> He/She made his/her son write a letter.

 I wonder why the last posts are not appearing ?

 *****************************************************************

Eylem gövdesi ---> Verbal Root

The root of the verb before added suffixes.

Git ----> Gidiyorum

Gel ----> Geldim

Sev ----> Seviyorum

eylemden türeme ad -----> deverbal noun  

Some nouns that are derived from verbs by adding

Sevgi ---> Love                      

Sev [to love] + gi [construction suffix]

************************************

İçki ------> Drink [Alcohol drinks ]

İç [to drink] + ki

************************************

Kazma ------> Mattock

Kaz [to dig]  + ma

************************************

Tunci
How do you say "street dogs"

Sokak kopekleri ? (sorry can´t get the Turkish accents to work)

If you were to say "The street´s dogs" would it be Sokagin kopekleri ?

Well done ! You are absolutely right Donkeyoaty.[but dont forget the dots on the letters]

"street dogs" ---> Sokak köpekleri

"The street´s dogs ---> Sokağın köpekleri

Thanks Tunci, not often I get them right first time ! (couldn´t get the dots to work)

eylemden türeme eylem -----> deverbal verb  

The verbs that are derived from other verbs by adding constructional suffixes onto the verb roots.

Sevmek = to love

Sevilmek = to be loved  .................. Sev + il

****************************

Sevinmek = to rejoice ..................... Sev + in

****************************

Sevişmek = to make love ................. Sev + iş

****************************

Sevdirmek = to make someone love ..... Sev + dir

geçişli eylem-----> transitive  

The verb that is used with object. [ The verb that has an object]

Sevmek [ to love ] ---- To love something

Nar severim ---> I love pomegranate.

Nar --> Object

************************************

Görmek [to see] is another transitive verb. The verb görmek has to have an object. [to see something]

Şu evi görüyor musun ? ---> Do you see that house ?

**************************************

Kırmak [to break]

Bardağı kırdım ----> I broke the glass.

glass = object

geçişsiz eylem ----> intransitive

The verb that has not an object.

Gülmek [to laugh ]

O güldü ---> He/She laughed. [ No object in this sentence]

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Ağlamak [to cry]

Bugün çok ağladılar. ---> They cried alot today.

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Düşmek [to fall]

Kalemim yere düştü ---> My pen fell on the floor

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geniş ünlü---->  wide vowel

a,e,o,ö

gerçek özne --->  logical subject  

In the sentences with passive verbs if the subject  is not obvious then it  can be found by following the logic. Such as ;

 Bu sahada bugün maç yapılmadı ---> On this pitch no match has performed today.

 In the sentence above the subject is hidden but we can find it by following logic.

 On this pitch no match performed [by footballers] today.

 Match has to perform by footballers [ thinking the football as it is most common sport in Turkey].

 So logical subject here is footballers.

gereklik kipi ---->  necessitative  

- meli ,  - malı -----> it is like "must" , " should"

Gitmeliyim ---> I must go.

Git + meli + y + im

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Bir kitap yazmalısın ---> You should write a book.

Yaz + malı + sın

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gösterme adılı [ işaret zamiri ]---->  demonstrative pronoun  

Bu                    Bunlar

Şu                    Şunlar

O                     Onlar

gösterme belirteci [ işaret zarfı ]------> Demonstrative adverb

İşte buyrun ---> Here you are.

İşte fişiniz --> Here [it is ] your receipt.

İşte bu bizim ev ---> Here it is our house.

gösterme sıfatı [ işaret sıfatı  ]---> demonstrative adjective

Bu defter ---> This notebook.

Şu kadın  ----> That woman.

O çocuk -----> That child.

hece----> syllable

ek-mek ---> ekmek [ 2 syllable]

a-ra-ba ----> araba [ 3 syllable]

Türk-çe -----> Türkçe [ 2 syllable]

Türk --------> Türk [ 1 syllable ]

hece yutumu [hece düşmesi ] ----> syllable dropping

Cuma + ertesi --> [ -e drops] Cumartesi

Pazar + ertesi --> [ -e drops]  Pazartesi

Ne + asıl -----> [-e drops] Nasıl

Can you also use "burada" when saying the same things such as "fişiniz burada" ? Or does that change the meaning somehow? I just mean that my first thought would be to use burada or buraya when trying to say "here". 

 Evet, you can say " fişiniz burada " , but I would prefer " buyrun fişiniz " as this way is more polite.

other cases ;

- when you show your new car to your friend you would say " here my new car " in english whereas in Turkish you would say " işte yeni arabam " .

- when you offer [serve] a cup of coffee to someone you would say " here your coffee " in english whereas in Turkish you would say " Buyrun kahveniz ".

burada =  here, in here [lit : bura +da [in] ---> in here]

Burada kaç kişi var ? --> How many people [there are] in here ?

buraya = to here

Buraya gel. [ come here]  Bura + y [buffer] + a [to] [lit: to here]

Buradan = Bura + dan [from] ---> From here

Otobüse buradan bineceksin ---> You will get the bus from here.

Buranın = of here [possesive]

Buranın yemekleri çok güzel ---> The food of this place is very nice.

                                            [The food in this place [restaurant] is very nice]

Buradaki = the thing that is here

Bura +da + ki [that]

Buradaki arabalar yeni ---> The cars that are here are new.

- imagine you are in a turkish minibus [dolmuş] and you want to get off and you can say to driver ;

Burada inmek istiyorum ---> I want to get off here.

- you want your friend come to where you are and you want to say ; I want you to come here ---> Buraya gelmeni istiyorum.

- you want to ask someone if what he is doing there --> what are you doing here ? ---> Burada ne yapıyorsun.

Burası ---> This form is generally used with adjectives [to describe the place]

Burası çok karanlık ---> Here [this place] is very dark.

Burası çok pahalı ---> Here [this place is very expensive.

Buradayken ---> Bura + da + iken = while [I ,you,he,she,it,we,they] here

Bu, Şu, O

These can be both  ´demonstrative pronoun´ and ´demonstrative adjective" when they are in nominative form.

O , bu yörenin en meşhur yemeğidir. --> ´O´ is  Demonstrative pronoun here.

That is the most famous dish of this region.

Bu araba senin mi ? ---> "Bu" is Demonstrative adjective here. 

Is this car is yours ?

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- with case suffixes ;

bunu, buna, bunda,bundan,bunun

şunu,şuna,şunda, şundan,şunun

onu,ona,onda,ondan,onun

-plural forms with case suffixes ;

"they take pronominal "n" "

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* Sometimes they take -cA suffix ;

bu + n +ca -----> bunca ---> this much , so much

şu + n + ca -----> şunca ---> this much; that much; this many; that many:

o + n + ca ------> onca ---> so many (people, things); so much (of something)

Examples ;

Neden kendine bunca zahmet veriyorsun==> Why do you give yourself this much trouble ?

Şunca kişisiniz, gene de bu işi bitiremediniz ===> Though there´s this many of you, you still haven´t been able to get this job done

Onca yıl  neden bekledin ===> Why did you wait for so many years ?

The word "grammar" in Turkish dialects

  Turkia Turkish ---->  dil bilgisi ~ gramer

   Azerbaijani  ----->grammatika 

   Gagavuz Turkish ---> dil bilgisi  

    Uzbek Turkish ---> til bilimi, grammatika

    Uighur  language ---> grammatika

    Tatar language [Tatar Turkish] ---> tel beleme, tel gıyleme

     Nogay Turkish ----> grammatika, til ilmisi

     Kazakh Turkish ---> til bilimi

      Tuvan Turkish --->  tıl ertemi

Alternative term for "hece yitimi " [ hece düşmesi ] is ----> Haplology

Swallowing of a sound, swallowing of a syllable.

Pek + iyi ---> Peki 

Kayın + ana ---> Kaynana

Kahve  + altı --> Kahvaltı