I read all the posts but this one looks wrong to me;

"güzelsindir" may mean "Maybe/probably you are beautiful/pretty"

but exactly not "you are definitely pretty"

Only it may be such a part of a dialog:

- Ben bunlardan daha güzel değil miyim?... Am I not more beautiful than these?

- Kesinlikle güzelsindir.... (I think) you are (more) beautiful

This sounds like;

1. there is a comparison,

2. and there is no objective measurement for this comparison

3. and the person is not sure about the others´ level of beauty but he think (almost sure) that she is more beautiful than others.

There may be such a fictious and weird story But only "güzelsindir" doesn´t have the meaning of "definitely"

After reading tunci´s post, I would like to add a bit;

For the verb istemek, if it has an adverb before "istemek", then it sounds better with accusative -i suffix on the other verb. In this example, the adverb is "çok". So;

"Gitmek istiyorum" is good. "Gitmeyi istiyorum" is good as well. But with adverb;

"Gitmeyi çok istiyorum" sounds much better for my ears. I don´t know if there is such a rule but if I say "Gitmek çok istiyorum" it sounds strange. Maybe that is correct as well, but it is like a baby´s sentence who is still learning to speak.

Other examples;

Televizyon izlemek istemiyor.

Televizyon izlemeyi pek istemiyor.

Su içmek istedi.

Su içmeyi bir saat önce istedi.

But if adverb can be in another place in the sentence, then without -i sounds well too:

Pek televizyon izlemek istemiyor.

Bir saat önce su içmek istedi.

Do you want realistic or fantastic names? I think Zırhlı / Ağırzırhlı etc. (and your other examples) will be very fantastic. If you want to have real names, you shouldn´t use them. If you want fantastic, keep it as Ağırzırhlı (like a big battle vehicle "with heavy armor")

PS: zırhlı because -lı is a suffix of "with"

Zırh is armor, zırhlı is (something) with armor

Basically;

with = -li suffix

without = -siz suffix

with cheese = peynirli

without cheese = peynirsiz

When you are able to make some sentences (when you get at that sentences level), you may prefer saying;

 içinde peynir de olsun (~= let it be cheese in it)

or 

içinde peynir olmasın (~= let it not be cheese in it)

Mostly and simply, we use these forms about onion and spicy for food in restaurants. For example you go to a restaurant with a group of people (maybe with your family), some of people ordered spicy food (hot - acılı:

Acılı olsun (let it be spicy)

and you may wish without spice (hot spicy);

Benimki acısız olsun. (Let mine be without spice/not spicy)

Or with/without onion:

Ben soğanlı istiyorum (I want with onion)

Ben soğansız istiyorum (I want without onion)

or more different examples;

Benimkine soğan koymayın; (koymak = to put and koymayın says negative "don´t put!"; this verb needs -a suffix to say direction into the food; and the object to be put is soğan, so it doesn´t have "with" or "without" suffix.)

Benimki bol soğanlı olsun. (bol soğanlı = with much onion)

By the way, "benimki" is used when many people ordered same food from menu, so it means "mine", "my order".

Another example for those who drink tea without sugar;

Benim çayım şekersiz olsun!

Afiyet olsun

Allah kabul etsin

Good translation even though the original text looks some lacking.

I want to correct one word: "istesem" is the verb "istemek" which means "want" not "need". But you got the idea.

I think that depends on their lifestyle. Mostly, you will see many Turkish people who are glad to see that young people show their respect by kissing hands of old ones.

On the other hand, there are also people who don´t like that or who don´t live like that you imagined. I also know some people that won´t be happy to be kissed their hand by a foreigner/stranger (or sometimes if it is a woman, maybe won´t like to be kissed by a man or his husband would be a bit angry etc) even though they like to be seen the respect by Turks or some of them by muslims etc.

The second paragraph is not majority, by the way. So you should ask this question to a person who knows them and you feel closer.

My personal idea is that you should be as you are. You don´t have to behave as if you were a Turkish person (kissing hands of old people etc)

Addition to Abla´s post;

If you say "Siz Londra´da yaşıyor musunuz?" that may sound funny or weird because it is like asking:

"The action you do in London is "to live", right? You are not dying or doing anything in London, correct?"

The reason is that "mı" suffix comes after the word you would emphasize.

Gidiyor musun? Are you leaving? (or maybe you are not leaving you will just step outside to get some fresh air and you will come back some minutes later? etc.. asking the action)

Dışarı mı gidiyorsun? Are you going outside? (or maybe you are going another place not outside?.. asking the place where the person goes. but the fact is the person goes. you are not asking if he goes or not)

Dışarı, hava almaya mı gidiyorsun? Are you going out to get fresh air? (asking the reason of going out is "to get fresh air" or not. the question is not about "going out" because it is not obscure, that is clear he is going out. but the unknown part is the reason)

So the emphasize (the real question) is on the word before "mı" suffix in the question sentences.

In my humble opinion, you should write first the correct sentence, then your translation attempt. This is what you want to say:

4 yaşından beri Panama´da yaşıyorsun.

That is right. Some people say "jetlag oldum" for that.