-LAR [LER] as exaggeration 

Sometimes plural suffix -lar [ler] is used in order to exaggerate the statement.

Ateşler içinde kıvranıyordu.

He/She was suffereing from having so much fever[s].

O gün dünyalar benim olmuştu.

That day as if the world[s] was mine. [I was so happy]

Kutular dolusu kitapları var.

He/She has full boxes of books. [so many books]

* Sometimes, the word "bir" may be added and gives the same meaning.

Bir çiçekler  var  görsen bayılırsın.

There are such flowers [ if you see them ] you will love them.

Bir zamanlar ne kadar huzurlu bir mahalleydi burası.

It was such peaceful neighbourhood here in old times. 

 -mişti as present statement

"Ne aramıştınız ? Ne istemiştiniz , Ne demiştiniz? abandon their original tense and becomes [as you pointed out] " polite way of asking question in present tense"

Could I ask [you] what would you like to [have] ?

Could I ask [you] what is that you are looking for ?

Could I ask [you]  what have you said ?

Also for -mişti form you can check this thread, post number 2. 

 http://www.turkishclass.com/forumTitle_53653

Check this link, Henry´s post explaining usages of miş suffix with examples.

http://www.turkishclass.com/forumTitle_58255

TULPAR

This is Turkish mythologic horse figure. It resembles to Pegasus. Generally it is described in two colours, whether  in just white or just black colour. It´s got white wings. It is created by Kuday [God] to assist brave men.

It´s belived that Tulpar only opens his wings in the dark while flying to long distances. It is mentioned in one of Kumuk proverb ,

Tulpar yerün birevü buççağunda bulsa da öz yılkısın tabar.

(Tulpar dünyanın bir başka köşesinde olsa da, kendi sürüsünü bulur.),

Tulpar [can find] finds its herd even if he was in the other end of the world.

That´s correct. Exp :

Senin kendi araban yok mu ? ---> Don´t you have your own car ? 

Note that in the statement above  "kendi" strenghtens the question as the person may be kind of annoyed.

For instance, Your friend is asking your car to use, while he/she has his/her own car. So, you are bit annoyed with that saying "don´t you have your own car ?

Kendin biliyorsun ----> You yourself know [it].

Kendin yapabilir misin ? ---> Can you [yourself] do [it] ? 

Subject - Predicate agreement in terms of affirmation/negation

* Sometimes when the subject is positive the predicate may be in negative :

Toplantıya  herkes  katılmadı.

                 Subject    Predicate

 Literally : Every one did not attend the meeting.

                 Positive          Negative

In proper translation that would be :

Not every one attended the meeting.

----------------------------------------

 Bulaşıcı hastalık yüzünden öğrencilerin tamamı derse gelmedi.

                                         Subject /positive              Predicate/Negative

Because of contagious disease total number of students did not come to the class.

* If subject is formed of "kimse, hiçbiri, hiç kimse" then the predicate will be in positive.

Dört günden beri kimse   uğramadı buraya.

                          Subject   Predicate 

Literally  Nobody did not come here for 4 days.

In proper translation that would be ---> Nobody came here for 4 days.

* If " ne........ne " conjunction is used in a sentence, the predicate will be positive.

Sular ne yükselir ne alçalır.

The water neither rise nor descends.

Subjects with -den

Kek + den  

Kekten kalmadı.

There is nothing from the cake left. In other words, The [specific] cake is gone. Nothing left from it.

-------------------------------------

kitap + dan 

Şu kitaptan var mı ? 

Literally, "Is there from this book ? "  In other words, Do you have this book ?

-------------------------------------

telefon + dan

Bu model telefondan kalmadı.

This model of telephone is not left. In other words, This model of telephone is run out.

Intensified Subjects

Subjects intensified by various conjunctions or reflexive pronoun [kendi]

Ben de tarih okudum. 

I also studied history.

Bu soruyu sen bile cevaplayabilirsin.

Even you can answer this question.

Gelip gelmeyeceğinize kendiniz karar verin.

You yourself make decision whether you will come or not.

 Davet etseydik o da gelebilirdi.

 If we invited [him], he also could have come.

 Ben kendim bu konuyla ilgileneceğim.

 I myself will deal with this subject.

Check this link. 

http://www.practicalturkish.com/turkish-pronouns.html