Dükkan is better but I didn't mention every single detail as there is already enough distraction for you. Mağaza is more likely to be a departmental shop.
You can say "birkaç bira" or just "bira" but not biralar. It is like milk and not milks.

No bod it will be alright for you in any case. Actually the difference is not so clear in dail life.

I changed my mind about female using sağol. I realised that female use the polite form of it, "sağolun", commonly.

You got it right bod.
unutmayacağım: unut+ma+y+acak+ım > verb stem+negative suffix+buffer letter+future tense suffix+personal suffix

To pick the correct personal suffix write down that list:

last vowel > personal suffix's vowel
a,ı> ı
e,i> i
o,u > u
ö,ü > ü
example:
unutmayacak > What is the last vowel? It is a so it takes ı.


We have two sets of personal suffixes to add to verbs:

1. Type One:
Present Continuous tense( -iyor), Present Tense ( -er ) , Future Tense ( -ecek), Infenetial Past Tense (-miş )

Singular
1. : -ım, -im, -um, -üm
2. : -sın, -sin, -sun, -sün
3. : --
Plural
1. : -ız, -iz, -uz, -üz
2. : -sınız, -siniz, -sunuz, -sünüz
3. : -lar, -ler

2. Type Two:

Simple Past Tense (-di), Conditional Mode (-se)

Singular
1. : -m
2. : -n
3. : --
Plural
1. : -k
2. : -nız, -niz, -nuz, -nüz
3. : -lar, -ler

I suggest to download winmekmak for free on number 21 here:
http://www.turkishclass.com/forumTitle_6_1448

This too shows all verb conjugations with suffixes seperated.

Maybe a Turkish Learner's Dictionary would be a good idea where the simple and common translations are available only. Unfortunately I dont know such a dictionary but if you have time we could write one together.

Sorry about the dictionary bod. There are many mistakes. Vadetmek has a different meaning than to promise, swear. It is also a very old fashioned word and is better avoided by the learners.

Both sağol and teşekkür ederim (or teşekkürler) means "thank you".

In the army you must use sağol and you must not use teşekkür ederim.
When the commander comes and ask the question:
-How are you soldier?
Everybody must shout :
-Sağol.

"Sağol" is more mannish and I wouldn't say sağol to a lady. It is OK for men to use sağol towards closer male friends. Sağol is informal. I think a sophisticated or polite female also wouldn't use sağol at all.

You can say:
"sağol dostum" > thanks buddy

If the prime minister would visit the farmers they would say "sağolun" which is the plural form but can be also used as polite singual. So with "sağolun" we have the mannish and strong and polite way of saying thank you.

(Sen) sağol.
(Siz) sağolun.

Teşekkür ederim (or teşekkürler) is more polite and formal. Also "Çok teşekkür ederim" is very common.

If my car had stoped on the street and a few men had come to push it I would say "çok sağolun" as "teşekkür ederim" would look too girlish to me in that situation.

"Söz veriyorum, unutmayacağım."

Yes bod there will be some old fashioned expressions and terms in legal documents and official papers such as deed office documents. They are trying to change the terms with modern ones and the old fashioned language and terms are not accepted as a respectable thing but more something that everybody tries to get rid of.

Certainly there are ways within modern Turkish to be more formal or informal. Of course people in a conference or a lecturer in a university wouldnt speak the same way as in daily conversation. So we do have more formal ways to speak but we don't have a full developed linguistic on certain fields. Mostly certain prossions like medical ones have lots of foreign terms, smillarly with engineering. Modern Turkish is still very yound compared to other languages and Ottoman Turkish is something we want to avoid. The short history of modern Turkish language is the history of getting rid of the Arabic and Farsian words of from the Ottoman Turkish towards building a more pure modern Turkish which is close to its origins.
Unfortunetly there is also a danger for Turkish to be affected by English too strongly as people have started to use English words even tough we have some Turkish equivalences.

http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/passports-and-immigration/visas/

You can check the home office's website here but it turns out all the official websites will link you to the same place which is this one:

http://www.ukvisas.gov.uk

When you search this website you will see that it will direct you to that page:

Visa Services in Turkey:
http://www.britishembassy.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1053446560963

Afterwars for Ankara click here:
http://www.britishembassy.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1062156531133

For İstanbul click here:
http://www.britishembassy.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1062156453291

You don't need to bother with Turkish departments. Your friend just needs to get his passport from the Turkish office and then go directly to the visa application office either in Ankara or Istanbul. I'm not sure about application by post. Read the instructions.

Also for tips have a look on these:
http://www.turkishclass.com/turkey_essays_56
http://www.turkishclass.com/forumTitle_11_1053