The -dir suffix is used to make a statement. When you use -dir either you are telling a fact or you are telling something that you believe is the fact. We can add it to nouns and adjectives directly:

"İstanbul çok büyük bir şehirdir."
"Istanbul is a very big city."

"Türkiye'nin en büyük şehri İstanbul'dur."
"The biggest city in Turkia is Istanbul."

We can use it with verbs:

İstanbul daha da büyümektedir.
"Istanbul is growing even bigger"

-miş is the reported past tense while -di is the simple past tense. Anything smillar to -miş doesn't exist in English.
We use -miş tense in these situations:

1. When we didn't experience something directly but know it indirectly.

Assuming somebody asked the question "Has Ali called?" (Ali aradı mı?). If you can tell from your own experience that he called you say :
"Evet aradı." : "Yes, she/he called."

Assuming you don't know whether he called or not. You ask others about it. They tell you that he called. Now you pass that information:
"Evet aramış" : "They say that he/she called."

2. When we were not there at the time of action but found out about it later:
a. Ayşe not bırakmış.
Look, there is a message that Ayşe left.
(When you build tha sentence with -miş it is obvious that you didn't know that she left a message but you just found her note. If instead you had said, "Ayşe not bıraktı" the meaning completely changes. It means "Ayşe has left a message." and this time you are the one who informs others about it.

3. You want to say your opinion on something but don't want to be involved and want to keep the distance.

"İşi bırakman iyi olmuş."
"It was the right thing to quit that job."

4. When telling fairy tales we use use -miş.
"Bir prenses varmış, adı Pamuk Prenses'miş. Pamuk prenses çok iyi kalpli biriymiş."

Here are a few more example:
http://www.turkishlanguage.co.uk/inferential.htm

Somebody when talking about the film X-files used another word as an alternative for paranormal: doğa üstü (beyond the nature).

http://forum.ceviz.net/showthread.php?t=1919&goto=nextnewest

Somebody else suggests "normal ötesi" (beyond normal). There are many options. I think sıradışı and alışılmamış are too weak. "Gerçek üstü" is an option but could be skipped because of the term surrealism being translated into Turkish as gerçeküstücülük.
"Normal ötesi" sounds artificial. Maybe "doğa üstü" is the best translation.

Alışılmamış means something that people are not used to do. Its main translation is 'unusual'.

It could be alright but "olağan dışı" (extraordinary) is better since this sounds more mysterious and magical etc. "Olağan dışı" or "olağan üstü" are common words when people start talking about UFO's etc.

Sıradışı (unique, different, unusual) is also possible.

After reconsidering I think the best word will be "gerçek üstü" (something that is beyond the reallity, surreal).

Buyurun has too many usages.

1. In the diyaloge above it means "there you are" or "here it is" but sounds more formal. Assuming you asked for something and then the person brings it and says "buyurun".

2. Another meaning of it is "how can I help you".
3. One more meaning is "Welcome. Please step inside".

All about - buyurun:
http://turkishlanguage.co.uk/buyurun.htm

Hi Kadir,
These last examples you have shown are all incorrect usages.

For "yemek yemek" TDK suggests "yemek yiyorum" as present continuous. I think 'yiyiyorum' is also acceptable. This is the only acceptable verb to be used like this I think.

Stil "yiyorum" sounds strange to me but I admit that it is the way to go and is more common.

I think it will be a good idea to write some very simple dialogues. They are suitable to study for grammar purposes and you can see the rules in practice. Here are some simple ones. Feel free to add your dialogues or dialogue requests.

On the street:
Ali: Merhaba.
Ayşe: Merhabalar Ali. Nasılsın?
Ali: İyiyim teşekkürler. Sen nasılsın?
Ayşe: Ben de iyiyim.

In a bar:
- Bir bira lütfen.
- Buyurun efendim.
- Teşekkürler.
After a few minutes:
- Bir bira daha alabilir miyim?
- Tabii efendim. Buyurun.
- Teşekkürler.
After a while:
- Hesabı alabilir miyim?
- Tabii efedim. Buyurun.

Other members have also written many dialogues. I made some corrections on them and have added them to this message. Corrections were mainly on Turkish characters, spelling mistakes and rarelly a few words are replaced.

About "ister" and "istiyor" the long story made short is like this:
When offering:
definately use "ister". Also "alır" is possible. "istiyor" is also possible but is too weak.
Offering:
Bir çay daha ister misiniz?
Bir çay daha alır mısınız?

When requesting:
Don't use ister. "İster" is impossible for requesting something.
"istiyorum lütfen" is possible in a shop/restourant/bar/hotel. "alabilir miyim" is also possible in a bar/restourant. Just "lütfen" is the most common one:
- Bir bira lütfen.
- Buyurun efendim.
- Teşekkürler.
After a few minutes:
- Bir bira daha alabilir miyim?
- Tabii efendim. Buyurun.
- Teşekkürler.

"ister misin?" is better when you ask the informal question "would you like?". "ister miydin?" is also possible.
Biraz dondurma ister misin?
Sinemaya gitmek ister misin?

If you want to be more formal "alır mısınız?" or "alır mıydınız?" is better.
Bir çay daha alır mısınız?
Bir çay daha alır mıydınız?

Notice that the singular "Bir çay daha alır mısın?" is too informal and will be alright among friends.

These are correct:
... gitmeyi istiyor mu?
... gitmek istiyor mu?
... dışarı gitmek istiyor mu?
... dışarıya çıkmak istiyor mu?

This is incorrect:
"gitmeye istiyor"

This is correct:
"gitmeye hazırım"
I'm ready to go.

The last -e in gitmeye means "to".

This issue below is too much detail for beginners. It is an upper intermediate issue.

The Present Continuous Tense suffix is -iyor and -mekte. Both are Present Continuous Tense suffixes. The infinitice -mek can take the locative case suffix -de -da. This should not be confused with the present continuous tense suffix.

We can use -mekte as present continuous tense if:
1. We are making a statement about something. In this case it is used together with the -dir suffix.

Çevre kirliliği kuşların ölümüne sebep olmaktadır.

Türkçe dünyada yaygınlaşmaktadır.

2. We are making a presentation, seminar or a speech.
It is common to use the -mekte in this case as present continuous.
Türkiye ilerlemektedir ancak bu ilerleme yavaş olmaktadır. Peki neden yavaş oluyor? Çünkü önceden yapılan hatalardan ders alınmamaktadır. Aynı hatalar sürekli tekrarlanmaktadır.

3. In story-telling when we want to express present in the past. It implies the phrase "at this moment" even when such a phrase is not pronounced. It is like "was + V-ing". The story teller plays a game with tenses. He wants to take the listeners to the time of action. This unusual form of present tense fits well in this rarely case.

" O sırada Ali caddede yürümektedir. Güneşli bir gündür. Ali'nin canı sıkılmaktadır. Ne yapacağını bilememektedir. İçinde kötü bir his vardır. "

Compare this to embellished style to the regular usage:

" O sırada Ali caddede yürüyordu. Güneşli bir gündü. Ali'nin canı sıkılıyordu. Ne yapacağını bilemiyordu. İçinde kötü bir his vardı. "

The first one sounds more exciting. It is like any time something unexpected is going to happen. The listener was allowed to share the same with the story for only a moment but the story teller violates this and tells the whole story in a mood as if he is adding "at this moment" to each sentence.

"gitmekte" or gitmede as a verbal adverb:
Here the -mek is the infinitive suffix and -me is the short infinitive suffix.

The meaning of -de is "by/in/on/at".
Bunu söylemekte sakınca görmüyorum.
Bunu söylemede sakınca görmüyorum.

I don't see any harm in telling this.

Greetings,
there have been good suggestions by other members. Let me add my suggestions.

Daha kızarmış ekmek ister misin?
This sentence is alright.
We could also say:
Biraz daha kızarmış ekmek ister misin?

Daha kızarmış ekmek istemiyorum
Incorrect. It should be be:
"Başka kızarmış ekmek istemiyorum."
or better:
"Hayır. Başka kızarmış ekmek istemiyorum."

"Kahvaltı için menemen istiyorum lütfen."
This sentence is alright. Such a sentence could be said to somebody whose duty is to prepare you breakfast. Generally "istiyorum lütfen" is a polite order. You say it to people who are supposed to serve.

If you are talking to somebody close to you you would prefer a different sentence. The problem is that, normally first the person asks you and then you say what you want for breakfast. Otherwise no matter how polite you try to say it it sounds a bit unusual.

1. Kahvaltıda menemen yapabilir misin?
2. Kahvaltıda menemen yiyelim mi?
3. Kahvaltıda menemen nasıl olur sence?

2 and 3 are more polite but they are suggesting to eat the menemen together. I don't know any polite way to tell somebody to cook something for you without being asked first.

-Kahvaltıda ne istersin?
1. - Menemen iyi olur.
2. - Menemen olsun.
3. - Mümkünse menemen alabilir miyim.

"Bu mümküm mü?"
This phrase is correct but sounds strange here. "mümkün mü?" would be better without "bu". But the best would be "mümkünse" (if possible).

Dışarıda minik köpeğimiz
Almost correct. It should be "Minik köpeğimiz dışarıda".

Dışarıya büyük köpeğimiz istiyor mu?
Elisa's suggestion is correct. Here is another version:
"Büyük köpeğimiz dışarı mı çıkmak istiyor?"

By the way, we use names of dogs. "Büyük köpeğimiz" sounds strange. Its like a childish speech.

Bir tane ayran daha alabilir miyim?
Daha kızarmış ekmek ister misin?

The difference is that the second sentence has no "bir" in front of the object. If you add "bir" you can move "daha" after the object.
"Bir kızarmış ekmek daha alabilir miyim?"
If you are using "tane" (unit) you have more flexibility.

1. Bir tane ayran daha alabilir miyim?
2. Bir tane daha ayran alabilir miyim?
3. Bir tane kızarmış ekmek daha alabilir miyim?
4. Bir tane daha kızarmış ekmek alabilir miyim?
Here both versions are acceptable. "Bir tane daha" (2 and 4) sounds stronger.

Kahvaltıda menemeni isterim, mümkünse
No accusative should be used here. You are telling that you want something. You just say it without any suffix:
"Kahvaltıda menemen istiyorum mümkünse". It is not a certain menemen that you want. If you are talking about a certain object, for instance "the pen on the table", then you use accusative.
If there had been more than one menemen's ready waiting for you to choose you could say "şu menemeni", "bu menemeni", "senin pişirdiğin menemeni" istiyorum.

"İsterim" is unsuitable here. İf somebodys ask you the question:
- Kahvaltıda menemen ister misin?
- İsterim.
You answer like this.

I will add these below later.
Questions that need answering:
- Post 18
- Post 19
- Post 23
- Post 32