Yes you understood it correct. Yaralanman is a verbal noun. It is a noun derived from the verb yaralanmak by dropping the -mak suffix and adding the -ma verbal noun suffix.
Here is a smillar example:
gitmek > git > git + me + n
-me is verbal noun suffix and -n is possessive suffix.

(Senin) Gitmeni hiç istemiyorum.
I don't want you to go.

-i istemek (takes accusative)

Peşinde means "being after something".

Try seslisözlük. That entry isnt listed in our dictionary.
http://www.seslisozluk.com/?word=pe%FEinde

Greetings,

"Yoksa sana bir zararım, içerim"
You are right about its literal translation. On the other hand its good to be flexible with song and poem translations. I thought that way it would be closer to what he intended to say.

Yatıp kalkıp ATATÃœRK'E dua et.
"Yatıp kalkıp dua etmek" is an idiom. It means, "to be very greatful about something". Its literal translation would be, "praying repeatedly when getting up and when going to bed". The anology with yatıp kalkıp is to pray at every opportunity. "You should be thankful for this at every moment" is a good definition for this idiom, I think.

In different contexts zararım can both mean "uğradığım zarar" (harm that I suffered) and "verdiğim zarar" (harm that I caused to others). Here it is the second one.

Zararımı karşılayın.
compensate my loss. (First meaning)

Zararımı gördünüz mü?
Have I ever caused harm to you? (Second meaning)

The Turkish text has some tiny but important mistakes which might have made it harder for you to translate.

Ne ararsın Tanrı ile aramda?
What are you doing between me and God?

Sen kimsin ki orucumu sorarsın?
Who do you think you are to asks for my fasting?

Hakikatten gözün yoksa haramda?
If you really aren't keen on sin

Başı açığa neden türban sorarsın
Why sre you asking headscarf to the the ones who don't wear

Rakı, şarap içiyorsam sana ne
It is none of your bussiness if I drink rakı or wine

Yoksa sana bir zararım içerım
I can drink as long as I don't harm others

İkimiz de gelsek kıldan köprüye *
If we both come to the Holy Bridge of Judgement

Ben dürüstsem sarhoşken de geçerim
if I'm a honest person I will pass through even drunk

Esirken mümkün müdür ibadet?
Is it possibly to worship whilst being a slave

Yatıp kalkıp ATATÃœRK'E dua et
Thank Atatürk for this and be greateful

Senin gibi dürzülerin yüzünden,
Because of scoundrels like you

Dininden de soğuyacak bu millet,
this folk will feel thrown of from religion

İşgaldeki hali sakın unutma.
Never forget the times of occupation.

Atatürk'e dil uzatma sebepsiz.
Don't malign Atatürk meaninglessly.

Sen anandan gene çıkardın amma
You would have come out of your mother anyway but

Baban kimdi bilemezdin şerefsiz.
You wouldn't known who would be your father, you crook.

* The Holy Bridge of Judgement (Sırat Köprüsü) is related to Islam. According Islam 'Sırat Köprüsü' is thinner than hair and is sharper than a sword. If you were a good person in the Earth two angels will appear and will help you pass through the other side.

I have found a page about the author.
http://kanyak.com/neyzen.html

We use the -dir when we make a general statement. Facts about nature or science are general statements.

Kuşlar iki kanatlı hayvanlardır.
Birds are animals with two wings.

Sometimes in story telling we can use -dir as well.

O gün Ahmet erkenden evine gelmiştir. Çok yorgundur ve yatmak üzeredir. Tam bu sırada telefon çalar.

Hoşlanmak always takes the -den case which means "from" or "by". Hoşlanmak means being pleased by something.

The consonants p,ç,t,k change to b,c,d,ğ when a suffix is attached and the suffix starts with a vowel.

Examples:
gitmek: infinitive
git: verb stem
We always drop the infinitive suffix -mek/-mak before we apply tense suffixes.
git-iyor-um > gidiyorum

ağaç > ağacı
ekmek > ekmeği

Proper nouns are excluded from consonant mutation in written language but when pronounciating them we apply it.

Burak'a (We pronounce with ğ )

Except proper nouns also one syllabling words are excluded as well. One syllabling in Turkish means a word that has a single vowel since number of syllables are equal to number of vowels. 'Saat' is an exception.

Examples:
kat > katı
yat > yatı
saat > saati
Because they have one syllable.

The direct object case (the accusative case) is used with nouns that are objects of transitive verbs. A transitive verb is a verb that can be applied to an object. For instance to sleep is intransitive but to love is transitive since the former doesn't take an object while the latter does.

In other words, we add -i(or -ı,-u,-ü,-yı,-yi,-yu,-yü,) if an action applies to a certain object.

loving İstanbul. > İstanbul'u sevmek.
I love İstanbul. > İstanbul'u seviyorum.

selling a (particular) car. > arabayı satmak*
I want to sell the car. > Arabayı saymak istiyorum.
I'm going to sell this car. > Bu arabayı satacağım.

*Notice that "araba satmak" is also possible but will have a different meaning.

Araba satmak benim en iyi yaptığım iş.
Selling cars is the best thing that I can do.

You need to know which verbs are transitive so you can use the accusative at the right place. For instance özlemek (to miss) and sevmek (to like/love) are transitive. This means if they take an object the object is always in accusative case.

The accusative also applies to verbal nouns. Verbal nouns are usually constructed with the -ma suffix.

okumak : infinitive (to read)
oku : verb stem (read)
okuma > verbal noun (reading)
Kitap okumayı sever misin?

Denizde yüzmeyi özledim.
Denizi özledim.

" Selamlar,
Bugünkü iyilik çok teşekkür ederim. Sana borçluyuz. Bu iyiliğini karşılıksız bırakmak istemem. Bazı arkadaşlarla konuşup erkek kardeşin için bir şeyler yapılabilir mi diye bakacağım. "

I think two people are talking here about riding a horse. It could be also a motorbike.

One of the guys must just have been complaining about the horses or vehicles being unsuitable to ride. I have added a few more words to meet the mood of speech of the original sentence.

"Then don't get on it and you will not fall. It's that simple man. Look at me. Do I fall down?"

I just put five zeros as US zip code. Registration is very easy. You simply put a username, password, e-mail and any US Zip code and there you go. No activation via e-mail or whatsoever.